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week 8 9
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- 1What is the Psychometric approach to Intelligence?identifies groups of items that inter correlate highly (vocab + verbal reasoning)
seeks to identify underlying factors
statistical procedure: statistical analysis - 2Out of spearmans two factor theory (General and Specific) Define General abilityA single latent factor that underlies all other abilities and is predictive of test scores
- 3There was years debate on the relative importance of G and S factors and thus in the 1930s Thurstone said there was to much emphasis on spear mans G factors and to little diagnostic information contributing to overall scores. What did Thursone invent?Thurstone formulated the model of primary mental abilities
- 4Thurstones 7 primary mental abilities independent of G included :word fluency
verbal comprehension
spatial ability
perceptual speed
numerical ability
inductive reasoning
memory - 5At the end of Thurtones career he acknowleged that his 7 primary mental abilities were correlated , no loner completely opposed to g quoting ...There seems to exist some central energizing factor which promotes the activity of all these special abilities
- 6Cattell and Horn created a new structure of intelligence arguing both spearman and thurstone and invented what?fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
- 7Define Fluid intelligence?Inherent, non verbal capacity to learn and to solve problems
relatively free of cultural elements such as schooling, training and life experiences - 8What is crystallized intelligence?Accumulation of abilities learned through schooling and life experiences
- 9The information processing approach examines the process that underlie intelligent behavior. There are 3 processes what are they?Speed of processing: how rapidly a person can perform a mental task
Knowledge base: information stored in LTM
Ability to acquire and apply mental processes: can a person acquire and use new mental strategies - 10The information processing approach impliessome of us are better at other things
- 11What are contemporary approaches to intelligence?Expanded view of how intelligence is seen
intelligence tests measure intellectual, scholastic abilities - 12What does Sternbergs triarchic theory entail?Componential / analytical intelligence (think and process)
Experimental/ creative intelligence (formulate new ideas)
contexual practice intelligence (ability to adapt to environmental conditions) - 13Gardner's multiple intelligence theory proposed ....different societies value different intelligence
- 14Western society values what forms of intelligence?mathematical/logical and linguistic/verbal
- 15Polynesian navigators value what forms of intelligence?spacial and bodily/ kinaesthetic intelligence's
- 16Collectivist societies value what form of intelligence?Interpersonal intelligence
- 17Emotional intelligence is related to Howard Gardners concept of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence which refers to the ability to ..Perceive, express and appraise emotions accurately
use emotions to facilitate thinking
regulate emotions
understand and analyse emotions - 18Emotional intelligence has 5 concepts what are they?Social Skill
Self awareness
Self regulation
self motivation
empathy - 19Contemporary theorists such as sternberg and Gardner perceived intelligence to be a very broad constructtrue
- 20Contemporary theories move away from the narrow confines of IQ. Why?Because we are better at some things than others
Although IQ is still prevalent in Western societies - 21True or false pen and paper general IQ tests are popular for job selection tests and are relatively cheap and easy to administertrue
- 22What is the correlation between general intelligence and job performance ?It ranges from .27 - .51
- 23Describe biological indice..19th century scientists believed that intelligence could be reduced to fundamental sensory and intellectual processes
was dependent on
reaction time and sensitivity to high pitched sounds - 24What are some limitation of RT and its correlation with intelligence?correlations are weak
RT not a useful physiological index of IQ
Intelligence is complex and multifaceted and cannot be reduced to single denominators.
However, Speed performance is important for some IQ test items - 25Biological indice Decker 2010 examined connection between sensory abilities and higher intellectual functions using what measures?tactile measures
identification of letters and numbers written on palm
Identification of common objects placed on palm - 26What were Deckers findings?No relationship between tactile measures and general intelligence
found relationships between tactile measurements and specific intelligence
suggesting tactile performance and cognitive ability are related to some extent - 27What are positive predictors of IQ regarding the environment?Enriched home environment
encouraging interest and exploration
mothers knowledge about child rearing - 28What are risk factors for low IQ regarding the environment?Poor maternal education
Maternal mental illness
Minority status
Large family - 29Even when estimates of heritability are high it doesn't guarantee that cultural differences are due to genetic differencesCant use heritability from one group to interpret between group differences
- 30Out of three studies what are the percentages linking heritability to intelligence?Jensen (1969) - 80%
other researchers 50-70%
consensus- 60% - 31- IQ represents complex interaction between nature and nurture - Twin and adoption studies indicate genetics are important when explaining individual differences - group differences are more reflective of the environment:)
- 32What is social Psychology?Study of how people influence others behaviors, beliefs and attitudes
*How others affect us* - 33Social psychology examines the influence of social processes on the way people think, feel and behave. What are these social processes?Thoughts (cognition)
Feelings (emotions)
behaviours ( predisposition toward a particular behaviour) - 34We are predisposed to forming intimate interpersonal relationships that are only so large. How many?150 people or so
- 35the need to belong theory and biologically based need for interpersonal connections is necessary otherwiseit hurts us to be isolated or rejected
- 36Describe affiliationHumans have need to affiliate or psychologically close to one another.
Evidence shows being alone is not just unpleasant its disorientating even harmful to our physical and psychological health.
Although at times we all feel as though being alone would be a good thing - 37Harlows monkey study found what?The baby monkeys time spent in contact with the mother model was more affected by softness rather than food supply
- 38Describe the term ostracismBeing ignored or excluded.
Not nice for individual being excluded but good for strengthening a group by removing problem individuals, teaching members what expected behaviors are, non ostracized members become more cohesive. - 39What happened in the ball toss paradigm?Two people were confederates. After several turns the sonfederates stopped throwing to the subject laughing and talking to each other
- 40How does Ostracism harm an individual?threatens fundamental needs such as..
belonging
self esteem
control
meaningful existence
causes negative emotion (anger and sadness) - 41Most social influence processes are adaptive under most circumstances however,they can turn maladaptive when they are blind or unquestioning
- 42Should social influences be evaluated critically?Yes
- 43What is social facilitation?When the presence of others enhances our performance
- 44What was Guerin 1993's interpretation of Social Facilitation?Occurs when one animal increases or decreases its behaviour in the presence of another animal which does not otherwise interact with it
- 45An increase in performance is known associal facilitation
- 46A decrease in performance is known associal inhibition
- 473 studies investingating the presence of others. Who were they and what did they find?Triplett (1898) Cyclists ride faster when in a group
Travis (1925) subjects trained i hand eye coordination do better when have an audience
Pessin (1933) subjects take fewer trials to learn a list of syllables if alone. But remember learned list better if observed - 48Briefly decribe Zajoncs Drive theorypresence of other
arousal
increase in performance of dominant response
if correct = social facilitation
If incorrect = social inhibition - 49What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?Attributions are assigning causes to behaviour - internal vs external influences
When we look at others behaviour we:
Overestimate impact of dispositional influences
Underestimate impact of situational influences
Do the opposite for our own behaviour - 50Fundamental attribution error can be...associated with cultural factors
japanese and chinese less likely to commit this error
may be more prone to see behavior as a combination of both dispositional and situational influences - 51What does social contagion refer to?Mass hysteria is a contagious outbreak of irrational or psychomatic behavior that spreads.
E.g outbreak of UFO sightings - 52The social comparison theory by Festinger 1954 found...- we learn about ourselves by comparing ourselves to other people
- we try to pick someone similar to ourselves for these comparisons
we want to feel good about ourselves too - 53Explain the upward and downward comparison..When self esteem is at stake we make comparisons with others who are worse off
If experiencing a tragic life event we affiliate with others in the same predicament and compare ourselves to others who are wose off - 54What is conformity ?When a person changes their beliefs or behaviour in response to real or imagined social pressure.
Changes accommodate standards of peers and groups - 55What is compliance?When a person alters their behaviour in response to a request
- 56What is obedience?When a person alters their behaviour in response to a direct command from an authority figure
- 57What did Solomon Acshs study on conformity involve?A deliberately simple stimulus with subjects shown a single line drawn on a card and then asked to pick one(from a selection of three) that matched its length
The subjects were asked to judge the line length in a group. - 58What did Aschs conformity study find?As the confederates consistently gave the wrong answer the subject often conformed and gave the same wrong answer.
He found....
75% of people conformed at least once during the study.
4-7 is the crucial group size to produce conformity (below this conformity drops away) - 59What did Duetsch & Gerard 1955 study?They testted Aschs finding on confromity but utilized electronic responses instead of verbal
responses could be seen by members or could be kept confidential - 60What were Duet and Gerards (1955) findings?When answers were kept private there was no conformity demonstrating compliance rather than conformity as belief did not change
- 61What are 4 factors known to affect conformity ?Group size - larger groups= more conformity
Dissent-
Personality - those with low self esteem are more likely to conform
Culture- people form collectivist cultures are more likely to conform - 62What was involved in Milgrams obedience study ?shocks were delivered to a learner when the learner makes mistakes in a test
*note the learner is a confederate of the study and is not really shocked)
shocks range from 15-450 volts
leaner stops responding after 300 volts - 63why were subjects less likely to administer high levels of shock when the learner was in the same room?Due to proximity. When the confederate can see the learner and the effect the shock has its harder to do
- 64Will people perform under pressure from authority figures?Yes
- 65What factors were involved in the ethical debate regarding Milgrams obedience study?- subjects were decieved
- requests to withdraw were rebuffed
-participants felt considerable distress
videos were made and distributed without consent - 66What factors were in the defence of the ethical concerns of Milgrams obedience study?-No one anticipated results
-subjects were debriefed and met the learner
-follow up and no long term ill effects
-subjects felt positive and a majority were willing to participate further - 67Irving Janis suggested what about groups...Groups by nature can generate processes which lead to special types of malfunction not open to individuals
He called the syndrome he identified as group think - 68Describe Janis explanation of concurrence seeking?When all or enough of the antecedent conditions apply the group will be overcome by a desire to seek concurrence.
- 69Within the groupthink theory what are some antecedent conditions?- A highly cohesive group of decision makers
- Insulation of the group from outside influences
- a directive leader
- high stress from external threats with little hope of finding a better solution than that lavoured by the leader. - 70What are some symptoms of group think?Illusion of invulnerability
belief in the morality of the group
collective rationalism
stereotypes of outgroups
direct pressure on dissenters - 71Deindividuation was made famous by Zimbardos "standford prison experiment". What is deindividuation?Usually our behavior is moderated by our awareness that other people are monitoring what we do.
Social conditions can reduce self awareness that we forget about this monitoring or even make us feel anonymous so that we don't feel like we a re personally responsible
Therefore, deindividuation is loss of self awareness in groups - 72The presence of others can influence performance through what three mechanisms?Social facilitation
deindividuation
group think - 73Obedience is influenced by what 2 factors?Dissent & proximity
- 74Conformity is influenced by what three factors?culture
dissent
group size
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- Fichas sobre week 8 9 , creado por Kasey Kent el 13/10/2018.
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