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Why has migration become increasingly complex?
Fichas del conjunto (37)
- 1FactorsEconomic globalisation leading to emergence of new source areas and host destinations
Flows in south-south corridors now equal in magnitude to those in south-north corridors
High concentration of young workers and female migrants
Conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees
Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows
Changes in national immigration and emigration policies - 2*Economic globalisation leading to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations*Increasing number of countries and their economies more interdependent
Major bilateral corridors and traditional migration partnerships remained strong and new places of origin and destination and globalisation has spread
Advances in transport
Communication
Investment
Technological change - lower wealth thresholds required to move and strengthened migrant networks/ transnational ties - 3New countries of origin and destinationIn the past migration concentrated in a few bilateral corridors (colonial historical links) e.g. francophone Africa to France and anglophone Africa to UK - become more diverse
- 4Intra-regionalRapid increase of international migrant stock (6.5 million 2013) among ASEAN member states - fast growing economies of Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand (destination) from Myanmar, Lao etc most low skilled, many undocumented seeking employment and higher wages > cyclical migration
- 5IntraIncreased migration streams within South America e.g. to chile + southern cone of Argentina
Disparities in wages and labour opportunities
Regional integration - Mercosur, Andean community trading blocs
Residents authorised to live and work anywhere within
Eased immigration through free movement of labour - 6IntraReturn migration within EU
Romania 93% of its total migration
Young workers taking low skilled jobs for a few years before returning for better positions - 7Inter-regionalHighly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to USA
High salaries and quality of life
Especially science, maths, tech, business/ professional services - 8InterWorkers from India and Bangladesh to oil producing gulf states + Saudi Arabia
Increased demand for labour
Ease of returning remittances
Improved transport/ communications - 9InternalWithin EDCs e.g. India
FDI created mass of economic activity near large urban centres
Rural - urban migration - 10* Flows in South-South corridors now equal in magnitude to those in south-north corridors *Previously largest international migrant flows from poorer less developed countries in south to wealthier more development countries in north (Brandt line)
Now global economies more interconnected - 11South-South flowsMainly labour migration
2/3 remittances between countries in south 2013
E.g. Bangladesh-India corridor 3rd largest bilateral flow
Increase in refugees fleeing persecution/ conflict
2.3 million Afghanistan to Pakistan - 12Reasons for s-s flowsRestrictive borders s-n
Fast growing economies in south - employment
Increasingly accessible
Improved awareness of opportunities- communication, social and business networks
Less expensive
Close, lower living costs - 13Burkino Faso > Ivory CoastBF
Landlocked
Low income GDP per capita $684
IC
Lower-middle-income country
Largest exporter of cocoa
US$1529 (2013)
560,000 Ivorians in Burkina Faso - escaped conflict
1.46 million born in Burkina Faso in Ivory Coast
- employment opportunities + higher wages (cocoa and coffee bean plantations)
- more fertile land for farmers
- former French colonial administration so shared language, currency and culture
$343 million remittances IC to BF 2015 - 14Myanmar > ThailandLargest ASEAN migrant corridor - 1.9 million
T
Southeast asia’s fastest growing economy
Labour shortages in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction etc
Daily min wage 10 times Myanmar
Close
Freer flows within ASEAN economic community (AEC)
Refugees escaping forced labour on government development projects e.g. railway construction - 15*High concentration of young workers and female migrants*Economic migrants e.g. young labour driven migration in Middle East
More female migrants than male except Africa and Asia
Greater independence, status, freedom and increasing importance as main income earners - 16% migrants female in developed countries52% 2013
- 17Migration highly skilled women2000-2010 tertiary educated women migrants in OECD countries increased by 80%
OECD = organisation for economic cooperation and development
Main destinations Canada, USA, UK, Israel - less discrimination in labour market and women’s right better respected - 18Female migrants vulnerable to discrimination, violence and exploitationInequalities in status and opportunities
Vulnerable fleeing conflict/ traffickers promising better way of life)
UNHCR work around world helping displaced women and girls - provide shelter + run programs to improve leadership, education + access opportunities
E.g. support network for Syrian refugee women in Turkey
ILO (international labour organisation) - promote opportunities for women
Gender inequality, decent work conditions - 19Young workers: No.s of foreign-born residents in UAE increased dramatically2.45 million 2000
7.83 million 2013 - 20Flows dominated by young males mainly low skilled and not well educatedOnly 3.6% migrants employed in health
2.6% education - 21Education2010 3.6 million young people in tertiary education abroad
- 22*Conflict and persecution have increased numbers of refugees**
- 23Increase refugees15.7 million 2012
19.5 million 2014 - 24Refugees in global south87.2%
- 25Syria2015 largest source
Civil war displacement 7.6 million people
4.7 million internally displaced
Most short distance to neighbouring countries e.g. Turkey 1.9 million (intention to return)
Lebanon 1.5 million
Entry visa to reduce
Others longer journey to EU - depends on wealth - 26Reasons large numbers of refugeesEffects of conflict - personal safety, loss of homes, access to services, damage to infrastructure
Political persecution, discrimination + violation of human rights
Economic hardship - forced labour and modern slavery
Impacts of natural hazards - 27*Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows**
- 28Some large and long standingMexico > USA
- 29New + significant flows in last decadeSudan > South Sudan second largest 2010-13 (not previously recognised)
Conflict 2012 following civil war
South Sudan independence
Close, making migration easier + cultural ties - 30Causes strong bilateral corridors:Cost of travel (proximity)
Ease of access + communication
Efficiency and cost of sending remittances
Employment opportunities + wage differentials
Established diaspora communities + networks
Effects conflict and persecution
Migration policy (access to economic unions/ refugee policy)
Former colonial influence e.g. language - 31Mexico > USA push factorsHigh crime rates
Unemployment and poverty
Climate + natural hazards
Arid climate and poor land quality makes agriculture difficult - 32Pull factorsBetter living standards and services
Diaspora networks + family reunification
Border close proximity
Many illegal immigrants across desert - 33*Changes in national immigration and emigration policies*National migration policies designed to meet economic, social and political needs of a country
- 34ACsUk, Australia, Canada
Points- based system to satisfy labour shortages - 35Developing countriesEncourage emigration
Benefits: remittances, skills, ideas + business contracts - 36Immigration policy CanadaHigh income country
2013 HDI 0.902
Changes made to policy 2015 to address skills gap in labour market
New policy long-term requirements for engineers, IT specialists + health workers
Ranked - young, highly skilled fast tracked
Short term agreed 10,000 Syrian refugees over 3 years from 2015 - 37Emigration policy: PakistanLower-middle-income
2014 HDI 0.53
Government pro emigration
7 million working abroad
2013 remittances = $11.5 billion
Policy requirements:
Rights of workers
Promotion of export of Pakistani manpower
Encourage female overseas employment (only 0.12%)
Support Pakistani diaspora abroad
Training for youth to work abroad
Enhancement of impact of economic ic remittances + skills of returning migrants
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- - (Migration ) Geography Fichas sobre Why has migration become increasingly complex?, creado por Emily H el 20/10/2018.
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