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Extinction and punishment
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- 1Extinctionnon-reinforcement of previously reinforced response
can be slow
unwanted behaviours sometimes increase initially
spontaneous recovery can occur - 2Extinction - Williams ill boyparents had to stay with him till he slept
ignore crying
eventually eliminated behaviour - 3Resistance to extinctionschedule of reinforcement - partial = harder, particularly VI
large magnitude
more reinforcers - habit for week v months
degree of deprivation
prior exposure to extinction
distinctive signal for extinction - 4Spontaneous recoverywill not be as strong and will extinguish quicker
multiple extinction trials to fully suppress
Skinner proposed it was a function of discriminative stimulus - e.g. need to be exposed to supermarket-tantrum-no candy for supermarket cue to become ineffective - 5Punisher PunishmentPunisher: consequence
Punishment: process of weakening behaviour through consequences - 6Operant antecedent: discriminative stimulistimuli that signals occurrence of something
stimuli that signals punisher = discriminative stimulus for punishment
get fine for speeding in presence of police car - police car = discriminative stimulus - 7Is punishment effective? Skinners perspectivePunished everytime they pressed bar, initially was effective but then responding increased
concluded that effects are not permanent, hence ineffective for changing behaviour
BUT little evidence, other researchers reluctant to inflict pain - 8Bucher and Lovaas - electric shock to teach self-injurious autistic childrenin special room give shock each time he hit himself
baseline = 250 per session
first series = behaviour disappeared immediately, was spontaneous recovery but multiples trials suppressed behaviour entirely - 9Factors influencing effectiveness of punishmentManner of introduction: start mild and increase, Azrin disagrees
Immediacy of punishment: delay between response and punisher, immediate most effective
Schedule of punishment: every response
Availability of alternative behaviours - 10Factors influencing punishment effectiveness: stimulus control Honig and Slivka Prochaskasimilarity of stimuli
want to eliminate response need to punish in multiple settings
H&S: selectively punish 550nm, as training continued increasing response to other wavelengths
P: girl hitting face, shock leg, only stopped in clinic situation so used portable shocker for school and home > disappeared - 11factors influencing effectiveness of punishment: verbal explanationreasoning aids punishment
help perceive punishment as fair - 12disadvantage of punishmentemotional effects: anxiety, anger, aggression, Seligman learned helplessness
Punishment in education = dislike for school/ subject
suppression of all behaviour
individuals may try escape - 13Response costreinforcer taken away whenever target response occurs
usually points or money or tokens
Reynolds and Kelly - Randy given 5 smiley faces, if left with one got a reward - 14Time outchildren remove to less reinforcing environment
Rortvedt and Miltenberger: after timeout session morgan when from ignoring instructions 87% - 0% of the time
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- Psy236 Fichas sobre Extinction and punishment, creado por steph.goodman94 el 10/11/2014.
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