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Chapter 17: Adaptive Immunity
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- 1antigena protein that stimulates an immune response
- 2apoptosisprogrammed cell death
- 3epitopeantigenic determinants, which are specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte
- 4granzymesprotease that induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)
- 5haptenincomplete antigens (small molecules, such as peptides, nucleotides, and many hormones)
on their own, they cannot stimulate an immune response
however, when bounded to a large molecule such a protein, they can trigger an adaptive immune response - 6memory cellcells retain the antigen affinity of the originally activated T cell, and are used to act as a later effector cells during a second immune response
- 7perforinprotein which forms a channel in the infected cell's plasma membrane. The hole in the infected cell's membrane allows for fluids to enter, eventually leading to osmotic lysing of the cell
- 8plasma cellthe daughter B cells differentiate, becoming plasma cells which will circulate in the blood and the lymph
plasma cells are much larger than regular B cells because they have extensive rough ER for the mass production and secretion of antibodies to a specific antigen - 9thymic selectionimproperly matured (or immature) T cells are negatively selected in the thymus (98% eliminated) because they cannot recognize the self molecules of MHC
- 10distinguish between humoral and cell-mediate immune responseHumoral--is the secretion of antibodies as a form of defense into the blood, IF, and lymph are due to B cells
cell-mediated--T cells circulate in the blood and lymph, attacking infected body cells - 11where do B cells and T cells originate and mature?Both cells originate in the red bone marrow. B cells remain there to mature and T cells migrate to the thymus to mature
- 12antibody (immunoglobulin)globular proteins which recognize (1) and bind (2) to a certain antigen
By binding to it, it helps to counter its effect (Structure allows it to perform these functions)
e.g. allowing other cells to bind to it - 13antibody shape
- 14IgGmonomer
80% of serbum antibodies
fix complement
in blood, lymph, and intestine
cross placenta
enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn
half-life 23 days - 15IgMpentamer
5-10% of serbum antibodies
fix complement
in blood, lymph, and on B cells
agglutinates microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection
half-life = 5 days - 16IgAdimer
10-15% of serum antibodies
in secretions
mucosal protection
half-life = 6 days - 17IgDmonomer
0.2% of serum antibodies
in blood, in lymph, and on B cells
on B cells, initiate immune response
half-life = 3 days - 18IgEmonomer
0.002% of serbum antibodies
on mast cells, on basophils, and in blood
allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms
half-life = 2 days - 19describe the production of antibodies and where they're located using the clonal selection theoryStem cells differentiate into mature B cells, each bearing surface immunoglobulins against a specific pathogen. The B cell cell that the antigen binds with then proliferates into many more daughter B cells. Some proliferate into long-lived memory cells, which can be used later for secondary exposure. Other proliferate into plasma cells that have extensive rough ER for the mass production and secretion of antibodies to a specific antigen
- 20Distinguish between MHC class I and MHC class II; What do they present (andot o whom do they present to)?Viral fragments enter the ER and combine with the MHC class I molecules. If a non-self antigen is displayed with MHC I, it activates a type of T cell that has the capacity to kill infected or malfunctioning cells. MHC II combines with processed antigen fragments. The complex activates the T helper cell that coordinates the killing of pathogens and infected or malfuctioning cells
- 21interleukin 12inhibits humoral immunity; activates Th1 cellular immunity
- 22M cellstransport organisms and particles from the gut lumen to immune cells across the epithelial barrier. found in peyer's patch
- 23APC's (macrophages, dendritic cells)Ag fragments on antigen present cell (APC) surface with MHC
- 24how are plasma cells activated?antigen
- 25T helper cells; identify other name; understand how they are activated; distinguish between Th1 and Th2 cytokin functionsCD4;
T-helper cell's TCR (T-cell receptor) must recognize the antigenic fragment MHC-II combo (which includes toll-like receptor) presented on an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
TH1: produced IFN-g--which activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and antibodies
TH2: activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE - 26T cytotoxic cells: other name, define CTL, ; understand how they are activatedCD8
CTL-cytotoxic T lymphocytes, recognize Ag + MHC I
induce apoptosis in target cell, release perforin and granzymes
binding of a cytotoxic t cell receptor to displayed (processed) antigen MHC Class-I antigen complex--can activate a specific cytotoxic T cell proliferation - 27T suppressor cells; other nameRegulatory T cells (T reg)
- 28Natural killer cellsdestroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells and destroy cells lacking MHC I
- 29natural passiveimmunity transferred from baby to mother
- 30immunity transferred in a vaccine is known as what type of adaptive immunity?artificial active
- 31immunity acquired through exposure to pathogen?natural active
- 32immunity acquired through receiving antibodies from another person or animal (anti-venom)artificial passive
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- Fichas sobre Chapter 17: Adaptive Immunity , creado por newsha el 10/11/2014.
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