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- 1What are paradigms?- general theoretical perspective (viewpoint) that includes a set of assumptions about the nature of reality that guide research questions
- the fundamental models or frameworks researchers use to organize their observations and reasoning (are neither true nor false) - 2Why are paradigms important?- Because usually there is more than one way to make sense of social phenomena
- You may ascribe to one, and others another, but neither is more right
- Example: liberals & conservatives explaining homelessness differently - 3How are paradigms & theories different?Theories = more specific
Paradigms = more general
There are no right / wrong paradigms, theories can be disproved - 4How do social scientists use paradigms?- Social scientists developed paradigms for understanding social behaviour
- 5What is the difference in paradigms between natural scientists & social scientists?Natural scientists: believe in "paradigm shifts" (succession of new paradigm when old one = falsified; e.g., no modern scientist believes the earth is flat)
Social scientists: paradigms gain and lose popularity, but are seldom discarded completely (e.g. structural functionalism) - 6What are Macrotheories?Theories aimed at understanding the "big picture" of institutions, whole societies, and interactions among societies
- E.g., "rich get richer, and poor get prison" - 7What are Microtheories?Theories aimed at understanding social life at the intimate level of individuals or small groups and their interactions
- E.g., jury deliberations
- Socio-psychological component of sociological research - 8What are 4 sociological paradigms?1. Functionalism
2. Conflict theory
3. Symbolic Interactionism
4. Feminist theory - 9In functionalism what is the... - main level of analysis? - main focus? - main question? - ideal society?- Macro level of analysis
- Values = main focus
- "How do the institutions of society contribute to social stability?"
- State of equilibrium - 10In conflict theory what is the... - main level of analysis? - main focus? - main question? - ideal society?- Macro level of analysis
- Class inequality = main focus
- "How do privileged groups seek to maintain their advantages and subordinate groups seek to increase theirs, often causing social change in the process?"
- Elimination of privilege (esp. class privilege) - 11In symbolic interactionism what is the... - main level of analysis? - main focus? - main question? - ideal society?- Micro level of analysis
- Meaning = main focus
- "How do individuals communicate as to make their social settings meaningful?"
- Respect for validity of minority views - 12In feminist theory what is the... - main level of analysis? - main focus? - main question? - ideal society?- Micro & Macro levels of analysis
- Patriarchy = main focus
- "Which social structures and interaction processes maintain male dominance and female subordination?"
- Elimination of gender inequality - 13What is macrosociology?- Large-scale research looking at widespread phenomena that affects many people in society (e.g., poverty, war, capitalism)
- Looks at broad social trends
- Studies large groups, cities, institutions
- Paradigms = functionalism & conflict theory - 14What is microsociology?- Small-scale, everyday social interactions between individuals and small groups
- More of an interpretive analysis of society as a smaller sample is studied and you try to determine how the observed interactions/trends would affect larger groups or societal institutions
- Paradigms = symbolic interactionism - 15What is the influence of paradigms on research?- Shape the kinds of methods likely to be used
- Affect the type of facts researchers seek to discover
- Influence conclusions drawn from the facts
- Aid in determining which concepts and concerns are considered important - 16Despite the influence of paradigms, researchers within ALL paradigms seek to practice having ...1. Rationality
2. Reasonableness
3. Objectivity - 17Rationality- The criterion for assessing thinking in terms of its logical consistency
- The conclusions drawn from the argument - 18Reasonableness- a quality of mind that is open to new ideas and evidence
- the willingness to consider beliefs based on new arguments or findings - 19What do rationality and reasonableness share?- both are qualities of the mind
- rationality: the quality of thinking
- reasonableness: the quality of open-mindedness - 20What does science use rationality for?- to assess theory
- when thinking is faulty, theories are revised to remove the contradictions - 21What does science use reasonableness for?- to continuously challenge existing beliefs w/new ideas and empirical evidence
- 22Researchers use this scientific process but whether they meet the criteria of science is judged on....- the product produced
- the product is assessed by others - 23Objectivity- linked to agreement reality
- a series of observations w/high inter-subjective reliability
- a conceptual attempt to go beyond our individual views (subjective)
- a matter of communication - trying to find a common pattern amongst subjective accounts
- When we succeed, patterns of subjectivity turn into objective reality - 24Positivism- belief in a objective reality independent of the human experience
- represents the belief in a logically ordered, objective reality that can be DISCOVERED through science
- truth is out there waiting to be discovered - 25Positivism & social science- has been largely discredited in social science
- was important in enlightenment era until the 1960s
- facilitated the push away from religion & towards science as a way of understanding - 26What are the elements of social theory?- theory = a set of inter-related (through variables) propositions (ideas) used for understanding and explaining observed realities
- systematic sets of inter-related statements to explain some social phenomenon
- theories specify general paradigms - 27What are the 3 features of a theory?1. The components of a theory are propositions
2. Theories are abstract
3. The propositions (ideas) in a theory are inter-related - 28The components of a theory are propositions- Axioms: theoretical propositions assumed to be true
- are the taken for granted beginnings of a theory
- propositions = building blocks of a theory (ideas)
= an expression of a relationship between concepts - 29Theories are abstract and composed ofpropositions that are generated from concepts
- since concepts=abstract, & propositions=abstract, a theory using these pieces=abstract - 30Why is it important that theories are abstract?Because the goal is to organize this set of abstract information into a set of concrete experiences
- 31The propositions (ideas) in a theory are inter-related- ideas are connected together
- propositions are ideas that have to be connected - 32In the empirical experience, theory moves from _____ level to _____ levelabstract level ----> concrete level
- 33Scientific theory is a story that helps to understand ________. ______ emerges when the _______ & _______ levels of experience emerge.reality / reality / abstract / concrete
- 34Empirical theory begins with ______. These _____ are then linked together by ______. Then, together these sets of ___________ _____________ form a theory.concepts
concepts / propositions
interrelated propositions - 35Concepts must refer to ___________ ______.empirical things
- 36_______ are used as indicators of the imaginary concepts (on an abstract level) that we have in mind.variables
- 37Variables, then are used to go from the ...abstract level ---> concrete level
- 38Operationalizationthe process of translating abstract concepts into variables
- a way of clarifying through VARIABLES to indicate what a concept means - 39Social scientific theories need a way of translating concepts & relationships into _________/_______ experience. This is done through _________.observable/empirical
operationalization - 40Empirical deductionlogical process for transforming a theoretical proposition into a research hypothesis
- 41Hypothesisa THEORETICALLY INFORMED expectation about EMPIRICAL PATTERNS expressed as a RELATIONSHIP between VARIABLES
- informed: by theoretical/logical thinking/ abstract experience
- backed by systematic set of ideas
- provides a theoretically informed expectation about empirical patterns - 42The traditional model of science is based on ...hypothesis testing
- determining whether or not the expectations reported in a hypothesis are confirmed by concrete, empirical patterns - 43What are the main elements in the traditional model of science?1. Theory -propositions (ideas) = developed
2. Operationalization -specifying meaning of concepts under consideration
- abstract theoretical proposition into a research hypothesis
3. Observation -based on operational definitions
-the procedure used for linking the abstract (concepts) to the concrete (observations) - 44All of the elements in the traditional model of science are based on ...the deductive model of science
- 45Through observational definition....something abstract can be expressed as something concrete
- 46Traditional methods of social science research rely heavily on operational definitions since it is _____ & ______ around the idea of ____________.deductive & organized
hypothesis testing - 47List the steps (and processes between them) in operational definition1. Concept
(Operationalization)
2. Variable
(Instrumentation)
3. Instrument
(Measurement)
4. Observation - 48Falsificationcriterion that it is possible for empirical evidence to disconfirm a hypothesis
- possibility of evidence rejecting a hypothesis
- if there is no chance a hypothesis can be disconfirmed, it hasn't been meaningful - 49Deductive theory uses the ______ ______ approach and is part of the _______ _______ approach.top - down
traditional scientific - 50What are the 5 steps in deductive theory construction?1. Select topic
2. Specify range of phenomena your theory addresses
3. Identify major concepts/variables
4. Find out what's known about the relationships among those variables
5. Logically reason from those propositions to the specific topic you're examining - 51Step 3 in deductive theory construction, " Identify major concepts/variables", is also called ....operationalization
- 52Step 4 in deductive theory construction, "Find out what's known (observations) about the relationships among those variables" is also called...operational definition
- 53Inductive theory uses the _______ _______ approach; starting with _______________, moving towards_______.bottom-up
general observations
theorizing - 54Inductive theory construction is a process based on ... which are then used to ...... which then are used for ......the discovery of patterns
construct propositions
theory construction - 55Grounded theoryan approach to theory construction that generates ideas to account for observed empirical patterns
- 56Field researchthe direct observation of events in progress, and is frequently used to develop theories using grounded theory
- 57What are the 2 links between theory and research?1. Test theory by research (deductive)
2. Construct and develop theory from research (inductive)
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- Fichas sobre 2, creado por Jill Karlowsky el 08/12/2018.
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- Jill Karlowsky
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