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Learning and cognition- memory
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- 1What is the nature of Clive Wearing's amnesiaGood general knowledge poor autobiographic memory, full musical abilities, poor ability yo form new memories
- 2In Clive Wearing's brain, which lobes were damaged and what important organ is contained within them?The medial temporal lobes. Hippocampi.
- 3Give two names for the sort of memory that our conscious experience of the present moment isShort-term
Working - 4Who came up with the tripartite store model of memory?Atkinson and Shifferin
- 5The Atkinson and Shifferin model bases its stores on ...... and ...........Capacity
Duration - 6What are the three parts of the Atkinson Shifferin modelSensory memory
Short term memory or working memory
Long term memory - 7What are the three main processes of memory?Encoding
Storage
Retrieval - 8What is encodingThe processing of incoming information so that it may be stored
- 9What are the two components of encoding?Acquisition and consolidation
- 10sensory input -- ................... -- ............ .................. memory-- long term memorySensory memory
Short term - 11Acquisition is the ...........Registering of sensory input in temporary sensory storage
- 12Consolidation is the creation of a ............................. ............ of temporarily acquired sensory storage so that it may be .............. .................. ............stronger representations
retrieved at a later time - 13Encoding depends on .........Attention
- 14What did Karl Lashley and Wilder Penfield find out about memory storage in the 1950s?That memories are not stored in a single part of the brain but distributed throughout the cortex
- 15Memories must be actively .... from elements scattered throughout various areas during encodingReconstructed
- 16Long-term memories are stored throughout the brain as .............. ........... .......... that are primed to ........ in the same ............ that created the original experience, and each component of a memory is stored in ................ ................... ...................Patterns of neurons
Fire
Pattern
The brain area that initiated it - 17What is retrieval?Using stored information to form a conscious representation or perform a learned behavior
- 18What are the two types of retrieval?Implicit (procedural) and explicit (episodic and semantic)
- 19What is sensory memory?A temporary sensory representation of input received through the senses
- 20What are the two types of sensory memory?Iconic
Echoic - 21What did George Spearling discover regarding sensory memory?He used the full versus the partial report method to ascertain that the full response did not display the entirety of the iconic store. People could perceive more than they could report.
- 22How many items on average did the partial report show participants to have remembered?12
- 23How long did Spearling find information to have been retained in sensory memory?500 ms
- 24Sensory memory briefly prolongs a memory until it can be .......... ........... and transferred to .............. .............. ........attended to
short term memory - 25how many items can the stm store?3-7
- 26In short term memory, information is rapidly lost if not for ............... ..........Maintenance rehearsal
- 27What will happen to memories in short term memory unless they are rehearsed?Decay
Interference - 28What is the brown peterson task?Participants are told to remember three consonants and then given an activity like counting backwards in order to prevent maintenance rehearsal.
- 29What are the two types of interferenceRetroactive interference and proactive interference
- 30Retroactive interference v proactive interference?Retroactive is when information encoded since the memorisation task interferes. Proactive is when information encoded before interferes
- 31How large, according to George Miller is the capacity of short term memory?7 plus or minus two- the magic number seven
- 32How did George Miller demonstrate the capacity of short term memory?By getting participants to remember a sequence of numbers in their original order
- 33Name and define the process that may be used to increase the capacity of short term memoryChunking. The grouping together of information into meaningful units
- 34What is the 'pure' capacity of short term memory when the opportunity for chunking is reduced?3 plus or minus one
- 35According to early theories, STM and LTM were two different memory stores mediated by .....................rehearsal
- 36Which two effects are seen in the memorisation of a list?Primacy effect
Recency effect - 37Primacy effect, and why?It is when the items at the beginning of a list are recalled better because there was more time to rehearse it in
- 38What is the recency effect and why?Items close to the end of a list are remembered quite well as they are still in short term memory
- 39Why are items in the middle of a list not recalled very well?They were presented too long ago to still be in short term memory, and so many items came after it that there was no opportunity for rehearsal and much retroactive interference occurred.
- 40Who challenged the role of maintenance rehearsal and the three part memory model?Craik and Lockhart
- 41What, according to Craik and Lockhart, are the two ways of encoding informationDeep
Shallow - 42Define Craik and Lockhart's shallow processingRote repetition and processing of surface factors
- 43What, according to Craik and Lockhart is deep processing?Re-organizing the information
Making mental images and interacting with them
Forming associations with current knowledge - 44Why does deep processing lead to a higher chance of recall than shallow?Because it forms a richer connection of networks
- 45What, according to Craik and Tulving, are the three levels of processing?Structural
Phonemic
Semantic - 46Define structural, phonemic and semantic processing?Structural- surface features
Phenomic- Rhyme
Semantic- meaning and connotation - 47What did Craik and Tulving find out about deeper levels of processing?That words learned through deeper levels of processing were more likely to be recalled
- 48How did Craik and Tulving use their levels of processing to change the way short term memory was understood?Instead of thinking of short term memory as a mere transfer from sensory to long term, it began to be considered as a mental workspace in which information could be temporarily retained till it may be manipulated
- 49How did Baddeley and Hitch define working memory?A limited capacity store for retaining information from a few seconds to a few minutes and mentally manipulating it as opposed to merely maintaining it through rote repetition
- 50What are the three components of the first model of working memory?Central executive
Phonological Loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad - 51The central executive is an ............... ..............Attentional controller
- 52The phonological loop holdsSpeech based information
- 53The two subsidiary systems are active stores- they can ....... input from the central excecutivecombine
- 54What are the two forms of phonological input?Auditory
Subvocal articulation from visual representation e.g. letter - 55How did the Baddely and Hitch model differ from previous versions?Abandoned the idea of a unitary system for one with multiple components
Emphasised its role in problem solving and cognition as opposed to memorization - 56What are the two types of systems in this model of working memory?Fluid and crystallized. Fluid systems include the visuo spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop. Crystallised involve visual semantics and language, both of which are connected to episodic long term memory
- 57What is the newest part of the modern model of working memory?The episodic buffer.
- 58What is the role of the episodic buffer?It facilitates connections and integrates information from/ between short term and long term memory
- 59What provides evidence for the episodic buffer being a dissociable system?It remains active even when STM or LTM is damaged
- 60Where could the episodic buffer be situated?In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
- 61The episodic buffer is capable of storing information in .....................A multi dimensional code
- 62Digit span backwards measures theManipulation ability of the phonological loop
- 63The visuospatial sketch pad and the phonological loop are ...........................Independent from one another
- 64How do we know that the VS sketchpad and the Phonological loop are independentBecause performing a task that involves one does not interfere with the simultaneous performance of a task involving the other
- 65Where is the phonological loop locatedThe left parietal temporal area
- 66Where is the VS sketchpad located?The right parietal occipital
- 67What are some functions of the central executive?Planning
Attention
Goal orientation
Inhibiting distractions
Social behavior - 68What are the two forms of long term memory?Declarative and non-declarative
- 69What is the difference between declarative and non declarative memory?Declarative includes facts, locations, events etc. that requires active and conscious recall Non declarative includes procedural tasks, unconsciously learned information etc.
- 70...................... is hippocampal dependent while ................ is notDeclarative
Non- declarative - 71What does it mean for these two processes to be dissociable?Declarative depends on the medial temporal lobes and non- declarative doesn't
- 72What, according to Endel Tulving are the two types of declarative memoriesEpisodic- things that happened to you, context based, mental time travel
Semantic- General knowledge and facts. - 73What is an example of non-declarative memory?How we get steadily better at performing certain tasks with time and practice
- 74Why did Clive Wearing lose all of his episodic memory but not all his semantic memory?Because the network of connections between the latter is much stronger than the former
- 75Procedural memory involves the learning ofMotor and cognitive skills
- 76Priming is a sort of ....... memorynon-declarative
- 77Define primingPriming is when previous exposure to a stimulus facilitates ready recall of that or of a related stimulus
- 78What is repetition priming?Seeing a word before means it is more easily recalled later
- 79Associative/ semantic primingPrevious exposure to a word makes the recall of a related word easier
- 80What kinds of learning are classical and operant conditioning?Associative and non-declarative
- 81What kind of associative learning happen in classical conditioning?Associating a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful one
- 82What kinds of associations are learned in operant conditioning?Performance of behaviours previously associated with good consequences and vice versa
- 83What are two forms of non- associative learning?Habituation
Sensitisation - 84What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?Retro means the forgetting of events that occurred before the amnesia inducing event and anterograde is the inability to learn or to remember anything since
- 85How is retrograde amnesia temporally graded?Earlier memories less likely to be lost than later memories
- 86What does the fact that neither HM nor Clive Wearing could make new memories tell us about brain structure?That the hippocampi of the medial temporal lobes are necessary for the consolidation of new memories but not old memories which have already been consolidated and are now found scattered throughout the cortex
- 87What happens every time a new memory is recalled?It is re-consolidated and the connections between the hippocampi and the cortices strengthened
- 88What kind of learning are anterograde amnesiacs capable of?Non- declarative procedural learning e.g. HM and mirror tracing
- 89What does the mirror tracing task show us about learning?That it can proceed even in the absence of structures required for declarative memories
- 90What experiment did Graf, Squire and Mandler perform to test learning in amnesiacs?They had the amnesia patients and the control group perform free recall, cued recall, word stem completion and recognition. Discovered that amnesia patients completed the word stems with words they had been exposed to before, even though they had no conscious memory of those words
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- Fichas sobre Learning and cognition- memory , creado por Pavani A el 30/05/2019.
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