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Methodology

Jigga Sentau Alemán 31 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (31)

  1. 1What is research? What should be the requirements for a process to be called a research process?- A systematic investigation to find answers to a problem.
    Requirements for a process:
    - Controlled
    - Rigorous
    - Systematic
    - Valid and verifiable
    - Empirical
    - Critical
  2. 2How can research provide evidence for your practice?- Evidence based practice is used to collect information and determine the appropriateness of practice taking into account
     Evidence to deliver process/services effectively
     Critical judgement of service providers on suitability and appropriateness
     Consumer experience or preference
  3. 3What are the different approaches to research, and what are the differences between them?- Quantitative approach – Reasoning and deductive orientation. Structured and findings are reliable and objective (value free)
    - Qualitative approach – Empiricism and inductive. Unstructured approach. Authentic but does not claim to be value free
    - Mixed Method Approach – Combines quantitative and qualitative. To quantify and explore. Enhance research possibilities, better for complex situations
  4. 4Research can be classified from different perspectives. Describe the typology of research from these perspectives.1. Application
    o Pure research
     Concerned with the development, examination and verification of research methods and procedures. E.g. verification of anxiety measurement scales
    o Applied research  Most of the research is applied. The gained information can be used in order to formulate policy formulation or administration.
    2. Objectives
    o Descriptive Research  Attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service…
    o Exploratory research
     Objective either of exploring an area where little is known or investigating the possibilities of undertaking a particular research.
    o Correlational research  To discover or establish the existence of a relationship, association or interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
    o Explanatory research  Attempts to clarify the relationshop between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon
  5. 5Do you consider mixed/multiple methods approach as a third paradigm of research? Give reasons for your answer.Even though the mixed multiple methods approach is a combination of the quantitative and qualitative approach, it can be seen as third approach. This argument is based on the conclusion, that the combination of two methods develops its own dynamics and results can´t not be replicated by applying one approach separately. However, the authors mentioned that a own body of research is not yet available, which includes procedures and methods, and therefore future research should implement guidelines.
  6. 6What is the first step in the research process outlined in this chapter? And the last step?- Formulating a research problem
    o Considerations and steps in formulating a research problem
    o Variables and hypotheses: Definition and Typology
  7. 7What functions does the literature review perform in a research study?- Clarity and focus to the research problem
    - Improving research methodology
    - Broadening knowledge base
    - Contextualizing findings by integrating to the existing body of knowledge
  8. 8Describe the differences between theoretical and conceptual frameworks?- The conceptual framework stems from the theoretical frameworks. The conceptual framework usually focuses on the sections, which become the basis of the study, whereas the theoretical framework consists of theories or issues in which the study is embedded. The conceptual framework relates only and specifically to the research problem.
  9. 9What is the difference between a review of the literature and a summary of the literature?- Summary: Description of the significant finding of each relevant piece of work. The summary basically entails listing under each pertinent source, the major findings of relevance to your study.
    - Literature Review: Organized around main themes that emerge from your literature search. Different studies in which the same theme is identified are referenced in one place.
  10. 10Broadly outline the differences in formulating a research problem in quantitative and qualitative research- The difference of formulating a research problem between quantitative and qualitative research is the preciseness. Qualitative research requires a flexible approach, while quantitative is more structured.
    - Specificity
  11. 11Select a subject area of interest to you and dissect it into subareas as suggested in Figure 4.1- Work performance  Performance dependent on the type of work / Work performance of male vs female / Different indicators of work performance e.g. OCB, Customer Satisfaction etc..
  12. 12What considerations should you bear in mind in the wording of objectives- Should be expressed clearly, completely and specifically communicates the intention to readers. 1. Goals 2. Main objective: Overall statement 3. Sub-objectives: Clear and unambiguous wording, numerically  “To find out, to explore”
  13. 13Explain the differences between a concept and a variable?- Concept are mental images or perceptions
    - Variables are specific and measurable
     Parts of a concept can be transferred, using a set of indicators
  14. 14Develop the typology of variables from different perspectives- Causal Model: Independent, Dependent, Extraneous, Intervening (Confounding) Variable
    - Study Design:
    o Active  Different teaching models, Experimental intervention
    o Attribute  Age, Gender, Level of motivation, Attitudes
    - Unit of measurement:
    o Categorical
     Constant (Taxi, Car)
     Dichotomous (Yes, No / Black and White)
     Polytomies (Gender: Male, Female, Other / Ordinal)
    o Continuous
     Interval
     Ratio Scale
  15. 15What is the difference between extraneous and intervening variables?o Intervening variables (Mediating Variable) – Links the independent and dependent variables. The IV and DV will have the assumed effect only in the presence of an intervening variable. Not obviously observable
    o Extraneous Variables: Other factors that may affect or effect changes in the dependent variable. These factors may increase or decrease the magnitude of the relationship between independent and dependent variable
  16. 16What purpose do different types of measurement scales serve in a research study?- They determine how the data is analyzed and what conclusions can be drawn from it. Measurement scales enable highly subjective responses, as well as response that can be measured with extreme precision, to be categorized. The choice of measuring a variable on a measurement scale is dependent upon the purpose of the study
  17. 17What are the different types of measurement scale1. Nominal or classificatory  Each subgroup has characteristics / property which is common to all classified within that subgroup
    2. Ordinal or ranking  Same as nominal, but in addition subgroups have a relationship with another and they are arranged in relation to their respective magnitude either in ascending or descending order
    3. Interval  + it has a unit of measurement with an arbitrary starting and terminating point
    4. Ratio Scale  + it has a fixed starting point at zero
  18. 18What is a hypothesis and what functions does it serve in a research study?- A hypothesis is an assumption / assertion, which becomes the basis of the enquiry.
    Functions:
    - Specificity and clarity to a study
    - Ensures only information needed is collected  Focus of the study and validity what to measure
    - Objectivity
    - Conclusion about truth and false
    - Contributes towards theory formulation
  19. 19The validity of a hypothesis test is dependent on a number of prerequisites. What are the requisites?1. Simple, Specific and conceptually clear  Unidimensional (One relationship at a time)
    2. Capable of verification  Methods and techniques must be available for data collection and analysis
    3. Related to the existing body of knowledge
    4. Operationalizable  If it cannot be measured, it cannot be tested, and no conclusions can be drawn
  20. 20What are the different types of hypothesis? What is the main function of a null hypothesis?1. Research Hypothesis
    a) Hypothesis of no difference (Null Hypothesis)
    b) Hypothesis of difference  A greater prop. of females than males are smokers
    c) Hypothesis of point-prevalence  Exact estimation to point: A total of 60% and 30% of males…
    d) Hypothesis of association  There are twice as many female smokers in the study population
    2. Alternative Hypothesis opposite Null Hypothesis
  21. 21What are two types of error in testing of a hypothesis? Explain them- Type I error: Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true
    - Type II error: Accepting a null hypothesis when it is false and should not have been accepted
  22. 22Explain, by providing an example, the three sets of variables that affect the dependent variable when studying association or causality.Change in the DV = Change attributable to IV +/- Change attributable extraneous variables +/- Change attributable to chance or random variables
    Or statistical  Total variance = variance IV +/- variance EV +/- random or chance variance
  23. 23What are the main functions of a research design? Why is it important to have a research design before undertaking a study?o Conceptualize an operational plan to undertake the various procedures and tasks required to complete your study  Clear communication with your readers
    o Ensure that these procedures are adequate to obtain valid, objective and accurate answers to the research questions  Control of Variance
  24. 24How might you quantify the impact of extraneous variables when studying the impact of a programme?- The Impact of extraneous variables can be quantified through the use of a control group  Must be assured that the control group has an effect of both groups
  25. 25Identify the aspects of a study that need to be described in a research design?I. Name the study per se (cross-sectional, before and after, comparative, control experiment, random control)
    II. Providing detailed information about the method (How to acquire the sample, where when and how?)
  26. 26Can you eliminate the impact of extraneous variables when undertaking impact assessment studies? If yes, how?- By elimination  Measure groups on an individual base, when they possess a unique property (e.g. culture)
    - Isolation  For example two by two study design, in which the extraneous variable is included
  27. 27What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative study designs?- Quantitative: Specific, Rigid, well-structured, ensure validity and reliability
    - Qualitative: Flexible, emergent and non-sequential
  28. 28Define the following: - Regression Effect - Maturation Effect - Reactive Effecta. Regression Effect  Participants scored extreme in the pre-test could change in the post-test to the mean. Feeling their answer was too pos. or neg. at the first measurement
    b. Maturation Effect  Natural change due to maturation (e.g. Kids)
    c. Reactive Effect  Sometimes the measurement instrument raises awareness by itself and influences the response behavior.
  29. 29In an experimental study, what purpose does a control group serve?In a before-and-after experimental design, it is not possible to conclude that any change is caused due to the intervention. By using a control group, the difference between the experimental and control group can be attributed to the intervention
  30. 30What is difference between an experimental and non-experimental study?- If a relationship is studied in the first way, starting from the cause to establish the effects, it is classified as an experimental study.
    - If it is starting from the effect to trace the cause, it is classified as a non-experimental study
  31. 31What is randomization and what purpose does it serve in a study?- Ensuring that the groups are comparable
    - The groups are not predetermined but randomly assigned
    - Any individual or unit of a study has an equal and independent chance
    - Can be applied to any design

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Creado por
Jigga Sentau · oct 2019
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13 oct 2019
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