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PHL 314 EXAM 3
Fichas del conjunto (200)
- 1Rules of interference:in any order, anywhere on the proof (truth-preserving) in any order, operate on whole line, one direction rules
- 2Models Ponens (MP) I️:p] q,p /q
- 3Modus Tollens (MT) I️:P] q, ~q/ ~p
- 4Hypothetical syllogism (HS) I️p]q, q]r/ p]r
- 5Disjunctive Syllogism (DS) I️:pvq,~p/q
- 6Conjunction (CON) I️:p,q/ p.q
- 7Constructive Dilemma (CD) I️:(p]q). (r]s), pvr/qvs
- 8Simplification (SI) I️:p.q/p
- 9Addition (AD) I️:p/pvq
- 10Rules of Replacement:part line rules, 2 direction rules
- 11Demorgan”ss (DM) R-(p.q)=(~pv~q) / -(pvq)=(-p.~q)
- 12Community (COM) R(p.q)=(q.p) /(pvq)=(qvp)
- 13Associativity (AS) R(p.(q.r))=((p.q).r) /(pv(qvr))=((pvq)vr)
- 14Distribution (DI) R(p.(qvr))=((p.q)v(p.r)) /(pv(q.r))=((pvq).(pvr))
- 15Material Equivalence (ME) R(p=q) = ((p]q).(q]p)) /p=q = ((p.q)v(~p.~q))
- 16Tautology (TA) Rp= (p.p) /p= (pvp)
- 17Double Negation (DN) R:p= ~~p
- 18Transposition (TR) Rp]q = (~q]~p)
- 19Material Implication (MI) Rp]q = ~pvq
- 20Exportation (EX) R((p.q)]r) = (p](q]r))
- 21Proof (derivation) Rcreated by applying rule to 1+ existing statements(1. Premise… n. premise/conclusion)
- 22Truther preservingif the lines are true, the conclusion will be as well
- 23Conditional proofassumptions must be discharged, if the multiple -> discharged in reverse order from assumed
- 24Thomas Hobbesinfluential British empiricist, and he was particularly invested in society and government. His metaphysics is based on pure empiricism
- 25State of naturewithout meaningful guidance by laws and rules, he says that humans are essentially selfish, destructive, unprincipled, and driven above all by the need to satisfy their natural desires , whatever the cost. Without a strong form of order, “everyone would do what he would to possess, use, and enjoy all that he would, or could get” (Hobbes)
- 26State of naturewithout meaningful guidance by laws and rules, he says that humans are essentially selfish, destructive, unprincipled, and driven above all by the need to satisfy their natural desires , whatever the cost. Without a strong form of order, “everyone would do what he would to possess, use, and enjoy all that he would, or could get” (Hobbes)
- 27cdan implicit agreement between the people of government or state that keeps us civilized and not turning into our natural state brutes
- 28John lockeBritish empiricist, is regarded as the founding father of modern empiricism he agreed with Hobbes that humanity begins in a state of nature both advocated a freely agreed social contract, he objected to the absolute power of the State of Hobbes’ philosophy, finding it unethical and insisting instead on citizen rights.
- 29Tabula rasa(blank slate) humans are born without any innate ideas humans must acquire all knowledge. Suggesting we are all born equal
- 30Divine right of kingsgod blessing an individual’s bloodline for the rule as king
- 31Natural rightsrights all humans are born with - the right to make free choice- the right to live without being injured by others- the right to own property
- 32Immanuel Kantpart of a group of German thinkers who believer that the mind and human perception help to create what we call reality. Main contribution to ethics its a rule or maxim called the categorical imperative
- 33Categorical imperativea philosophical formula (“would it be ok if everyone did the same thing right now?”) based on reason that makes practical judgment (reasoning about how we should act) possible. Put simply, the act _____ tells us right from wrong.
- 34Jeremy Benthamthe leader of a group of social-reforming British thinkers, and his main idea was that society has an obligation to keep its people happy at healthy. He named this movement utilitarianism
- 35Psychological hedonismthe idea that human nature and desire is naturally and necessarily aimed at achieving pleasure and avoiding pain
- 36Utilitarianismthe greater amount of happiness for the greater number of people
- 37Determinismthe idea that our lives( and therefore our reality) is determined by natural and/or social forces and situations beyond our control, it is the precise opposite of freedom.
- 38Sir Isaac NewtonEmpiricist who identifies the master plan as the basic laws of nature, reduced to three key mathematical formulas that demonstrate physical determinism as the key to understanding our reality
- 39Charles Darwin:another important cornerstone figure in modern science. His ideas about evolution have been the bedrock of biology, anthropology, medicine, and all the life sciences for well over 100 years. Proposed the idea that all living forms evolve- change and adapt according to need-over time.
- 40Karl Marxclaimed that our current way of life (that is, our reality) is determined by capitalism, and to him its a very, very bad deal because the system is rigged. His critique of capitalism leads to the idea of communism book Das Capital
- 41Capitalisma system in which people with money pay people without money to make things
- 42Bourgeois“have”- the people with extra money, who can live the good life, the mangers and directors of business and government
- 43Proletariathe lower class unskilled wage laborers who have only their simple physical exertion to make a living
- 44Alienationa loss of diminishment of identity or self from being “ tapped in the system” ad a ting cog in a massive machine
- 45Commodity fetishismthe collective belief that is natural and inevitable to measure the value of useful things with money. All things
- 46Soren Kierkegaarda Christian philosopher, maintained that the individual ha sole responsibility for giving one’s life meaning and with living life passionately and sincerely. Individualist
- 473 stages personal development1. Aesthetic (artistic): this stage focuses on pleasure, enjoyment, and wonder - - - 2. Ethical (dutiful): this stage corresponds ti adulthood, and the realization that a more rhinal, responsible existence is needed - - - 3. Religious: kierkegaard’s final stage is finding god. He admits they're a no rational reasons for making this move; only your own subjective self knows, needs, and decides.
Leap of faith: final responsibility exists in the context of a benevolent god who requires us to take a necessary ___ - 48Existentialisma philosophical view that “stresses the individual’s unique position as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices
- 49Nihilismviewpoint that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is senseless and useless the belief in nothing, and a complete loss of values, identity, and meaning itself. A condition in which all ultimate values lose their value
- 50Sigmund freuda medical doctor— in fact, a neurosurgeon— by education and I️n practice for some years when he became interested the the more elusive, intangible aspects of the mind, as observed in various mental disorders claimed psychological drives (basically desires) influence personality formation. Every human being experience a number of important physiological situations that ultimately determine that persons’s identity, personality, and — in effect— reality
- 51PsychoanalysisFreud’s name for his theory of human identity and subjectivity. The term also popular refers to the clinical practice associated with it
- 52Unconsciousfunctions outside of rules or laws and is essentially unknowable. The original, the primal “you”
- 53Consciousour waking, present mind that is aware of itself and its surroundings you might think of this as your regular, daily experience of reality. Primal drives and desires, mainly the drive toward immediate pleasure and satisfaction instincts. Our deepest fears and urges. All pre-language, pre-reason, and all without regard to laws or rules or consequences or structure of any kind.
- 54Oedipus complexintended as a mythic or symbolic explanation of how an individual moves from unconscious to conscious, from the pleasure principle to the reality, from being self absorbed narcissistic little tyrant to become a productive member of society capable of reason
- 55Pleasure principlethis is a primary process drive toward pleasure. Operates directly from the unconscious, our major primary process drive, our deepest “reality,”
- 56Reality principleseeking please is fine as long as it stays within the boundaries of social norms and expectations
- 57B.F. skinnerand influential American psychologist active from the the 1950s the the early 1970s considered free will an illusion and that all human action is dependent on the consequences of previous actions. If the consequences are bad, their is a high chance the action will not be repeated;
- 58Behavioral conditioningtraining through experience
- 59DeterminismThe theory that the future is fixed by the past
- 60Principle of sufficient reasoneverything that happens does so for a definite reason
- 61IncompatibilismThe view that free will can only exist if determinism is false
- 62Hard determinismThe view that all events are casually determined by the past, and therefore, free will is a an illusion
- 63I️determinismthe view that some events are not casually determined by the past, and therefore, free will is possible
- 64LibertarianismThe view that agents have special casual powers that are not casually determined by the past
- 65compatibilismwe have free will if our actions are casually determined by our own beliefs and desires
- 662 objections too hard determinism1. It is inconsistent with the common sense view that people are ultimately responsible for their actions 2. Advances in physics gives support to the view that determinism is false
- 67Main objection to indeterminismit is inconsistent with out commonsense view that people are ultimately responsible for their actions
- 68Main objection to compatibailismit can explain how one is casually responsible, but it cannot explain how one is. orally responsible
- 69Main objection to libertarianismmakes too many metaphysical assumptions, so we have reason to reject it based on the principle Ockham’s razor
- 70Two inconsistent beliefs that many of us think are true1. Every event is determined by prior event 2. We are ultimately responsible for our actions
- 71Which belief does Taylor think we cannot abandon and why?...
- 72Stace’s definition of free willfree acts occur when an agent acts in accordance with their psychological states (beliefs, desires0 and those particular physiological states are the immediate cause of action
- 732 reasons why punishing individuals is justified according to stance1. It will correct bad behavior 2. It will deter other from doing similar acts
- 74Events causationthe process of the one occurrence necessarily causing anothe
- 75Events CausationDr
- 76agent causationthe power to act spontaneously to cause to happen
- 77where does the idea of causations come from according to christian?the idea of causation must come from within the agent
- 78substance dualismthe theory that the mind are ontologically indecent from each other. the body is made of physical substance* the mind is made of nonphysical substance
- 79physicalismthe theory that mental states can be completely explained in terms of physical states
- 80Logical behaviorismthe theory that mental states are nothing more that dispositions to acts a certain way
- 81Identity theorythe theory that mental states are the very same thing as physical states in the brain * central nervous system
- 82Functionalismthe theory that mental states are series of physical inputs* outputs that play a particular casual role
- 83Ontologythe branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being
- 84Semanticsthe meaning of words
- 85Syntaxthe arrangement of symbols we use to from words
- 86Qualiathe phenomenal aspect of mental states
- 87Descartes conceivability argument1. If my mind is identical to my body then my mind and body would have all the same properties 2. My mind and body do not have all the same properties. Therefore, my mind is not identical to my body
- 88Two objections to substance dualism1) S.D. has a difficult time explaining how physical and nonphysical stuff interacts. so, Ockham’s razor gives us good reason to object this view 2) the dualist commits a category mistake
- 89Two objections to logical behaviorism1. Displaying a certain type of behavior is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for being in a certain mental state 2. It cannot explain novel verbal behavior
- 90The main objection to the identify theorymultiple realization: it is possible for the same mental state to be realized by different physical states. So, mental state cannot be identical to any particular physical state
- 91Objections to functionalism1. Chinese room argument semantics- the meaning of words, syntax- the arrangement of symbols we use to form words 2. It is difficult to explain how functional roles have casual powers
- 92Main objection to physicalismphysicalism does not provide a complete account of the mind because it does not explain qualia
- 933 options we might close in determining out own identity1. I️ am neither a) identical to my body b) identical to my mind c) or identical to a combination
- 94Which option is right according to platoplato thinks he’s identical to his mind
- 95Armstrong’s objection yo logical behaviorismour thoughts are more than disposition’s, they actually occur
- 96Armstrong’s definition of “mental state”a physical state of the person apt for producing certain ranges of behavior
- 97Armstrong’s explanation for consciousnessconsciousness is “simply the scanning of part of our central nervous system by another.. /pg 24
- 98Type of pain identity theory explainsmad pain
- 99type of pain functionalism explainsmartian pain
- 100Non-rigidwhen it is a contingent matter what state the concept or word apply to
- 101Williameuthanasia
- 102Hardwigeuthanasia
- 103sinerright to help
- 104Arthurright to help
- 105Thomsonabortion
- 106Marquisabortion
- 107Sineranimals
- 108Foxanimals
- 109John lockes booksan essay concerning human knowledge and two treaties on government
- 110Lockes three levels of knowledgeintuitive, demonstrative, sensitive
- 111Intuitive knowledgeimmediate knowledge
- 112Demonstrative knowledgebased on proofs
- 113Sensitive knowledge:relating to specific proofs
- 114Lockes state of naturefreedom, equality and independence
- 115Rationalism relating to memorywe don't remember past life
- 116John lockes take on propertyit is very important-exertion of the body. Should only own what you can manage
- 117Berkeley was bishop ofcloyne
- 118empiricismthe view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
- 119where did BerkleyOxford
- 120Where did Berkeley attend schooOxford
- 121Berkley's bookan enquiry concerning the principles of human knowledge
- 122Berkeley says primary qualities aresubstance and matter
- 123to exist to be perceivedesse est percepii
- 124to exist to perceiveease est percepire
- 125Berkeley take on objects that are not being perceivedgod is always perceiving everything so things don’t pop in and out of existence
- 126Berkeley was fascinated bytar-water
- 127Subjective realismonly ideas exist
- 128Where did Hume study:university of edenborough (law)
- 129humes booksessays- moral or political and an enquiry concerning human understanding
- 130Humes good friendadan smith
- 131Human idea of perceptionsimpressions( feelings) ideas (memories) all memories are based on impressions-all ideas are grounded in experience. Idea are copies in the mind of experience
- 132Humes questionjust because the sun has been rising every morning for millions of years, does that necessarily mean it will rise tomorrow- NO
- 133Hume’s belief of godteleological argument
- 134Humes thoughts on causationwe cannot see causation
- 135Parts of causationpriority in time necessary conjunction
- 136Humes take or moralitymorality exists to control our behavior
- 137Kants namegod given
- 138Kant says judgement is based onknowledge
- 139Analytic propositionsa proposition that is true by definition
- 140Synthetic propositiona statement making factual claims about reality whose negation is not self- contradictory to the original statement
- 141A priorifrom theory (before experience)
- 142A posteriorifrom observation( after experience)
- 143Analytic a prioritrue or false by definition
- 144Analytic a posterioridoes not exist
- 145Synthetic a posteriorijudgement based on experience
- 146A priori syntheticmoral statements for Kant can be known to be moral without experience, and can be checked with experience (science should strive for this) (everything that exists must have a cause)
- 147Karts booksthe critique of pure reason and the critique of practical reason (ethics) and the critique of judgement (aesthetics)
- 148Kants Revolutioninstead of everything being based on experience, everything is based on out thoughts. Out thoughts are silent sentences, or judgments, or propositions
- 149Knots take on experienceour minds are blank slates upon which experience “writes”-active instruments that put the sensible manifold into perspective
- 150Forms of intuition (lenses through which w see the world)space-time
- 151Categories of intuitionquality and quantity, relation( who brought it here) and modality(possible or impossible)
- 152phenomenonphysical/real/material
- 153nonumenonextra sensible/essence (something we can never know)
- 154ding as sichthing in itself
- 155the only thing that is good in it or of itselfa good will
- 156Ethical realismmoral standards can exist without humans (argues against “man is the measure of all things”)
- 157Kants take on standardsthey can only exist objectively (alone)
- 158categoricalabsolute
- 159imperativecommand
- 160categorical imperativemust do something because it is the right thing to do- based on good will
- 161what is good will based on (Kant)act in such a way that wish your behavior to become a universal law
- 162hypothetical imperativea imperative that tell us what we should do if we have a certain ideas
- 163non consequential ethicswould be wrong to tell a lie, even if telling the truth is likely to have negative consequences for someone (deontological)
- 164Statistical Syllogism FormN% of As are Bs, X is an A, that’s all we know about the matter, therefore its N% probably that x is B
- 165Same projection syllogism formN% of examined As are Bs, A large and varied group of A Large and varied group of as have been examined. Therefore probably roughly % As are Bs
- 166Anlogy syllogism formmost things true of X are also true of Y, X is A, thats all we know about the matter, therefore probably is A too
- 167Agreement method formA occurred more than once. B is only additional factor that occurred if and only if A occurred. Probably B caused A or A caused B
- 168Disagreement method forma occurred in the first case but not the second. The cases are otherwise identical, except that B also occurred in the first case but not the second. Probably B is (or is part of) the cause of A or A is( or is part of) the cause of B
- 169Variation method forma changes in a certain way if and only if B also changes in a certain way. Probably B’s change caused A’s or A’s caused B’s or some C caused both
- 170Probability of A# of favorable cases/ # of total cases
- 171The odds in favor of A# of favorable cases/ # of cases unfavorable cases
- 172The odds against A# of unfavorable cases/ # of favorable cases
- 173Probability of Af a necessary truth: 100%
- 174Probability of AIf a self contraction / I’m possible ex. Being a professor and not being a professor: 0%
- 175Probability of not A100% - A
- 176Probability that both will happen( are independent)prob of A x prob of B
- 177Probability that one will happen (can’t both happen/mutually exclusive)prob of A+ prob of B
- 178Probability that one will happen ( can happen at same time/ not mutually exclusive)prob of A + prob of B - prob of ( A x( and ) B)
- 179Probability that one will happen given the other does (not independent of one another)prob of A x (prob of B after A occurs)
- 180Williams theoryeuthanasia is morally wrong
- 181Reasons for williams theory1. Violating the will of god, 2. Self interest, 3. Practical affects
- 182What does williams mean by self interest?spontaneous miracles could occur, wrong prognosis/ diagnosis by doctor, and knowing that we could take our lives means we would be inclined to give up
- 183What does williams mean by practical effects:it will erode health care and health care professions will stop trying
- 184passivewith draw care, example: DNR
- 185Active involuntary euthanasianot wanting to die but getting killed anyways
- 186Active non-voluntary euthanasia:person is in a vegetative state and family/ doctors don’t know what they would want to do
- 187Hardwigs views on euthanasiasupported it
- 188Reasons backing up hardwires claim1. Death does not always come at the right time (too soon/too late) 2. Death is a death in the family
- 189If I️ should die who should kill me? -hardwig1. Me, 2. Family, 3. Doctor
- 190What is the right to die?Respect for autonomy, wrong for anyone else to intervene in my self governance. Requires that no one else gets in the way of someone dying
- 191what is the duty to die?knowing when you are morally obligated to die
- 192What is singers principle?if it is in within our power to prevent something bag from happening, then, without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought morally do so
- 193What are the basic resources discussed in class?food, shelter,meds
- 194Whats an excuse given for singers principle?Proximity- only obligated to those suffering when they are in proximity (close)
- 195Who is behind the entitlement theory?Arthur
- 196What does the entitlement theory claim?Our moral intuition include moral entitlement and desert so long as our holdings are required justly
- 197What is justice as an entitlement theory?I️ earned it fairly or justly given to me then it is mine and there is no good moral argument to take it away from me
- 198Thomson anti-abortion theory1. All persons have a right to life, 2. Fetuses are persons from conception, 3. Ergo, fetuses have a right to life
- 199Thomson, “ A defense of abortion”1. Treats the woman as a non-person, 2. Does not keep the rights of the mother in mind, 3. Not all abortion are unjust although they may be cruel
- 200Marquis’ thesis on abortion:abortion is seriously morally wrong
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- Philosophy Fichas sobre PHL 314 EXAM 3, creado por lugina pena el 20/11/2019.
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