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International aid and reducing uneven development
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- 1What is international aid?Where the government of one country voluntarily transfers resources, such as money and good, to another.
- 2International aid provides vital income for many poor countries, and helps reduce uneven global development. What can the aid be used for?Pay for imports, e.g. machinery and oil, which are vital for development (foreign exchange gap). Support the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure (saving gap). Address a shortage of the skills needed for development (technical app)
- 3What is bilateral aid?Given directly by the government of one country to another. This could be conditional or tied aid, with conditions attached, often in the donor’s favour.
- 4What is multilateral aid?Given by governments to international organisations which use the money to assist programmes in poorer countries. E.g. The World Bank providing aid to Ecuador following the 2016 Earthquake.
[ ] Given directly by the government of one country to another. This could be conditional or tied aid, with conditions - 5What is debt relief?It reduces the repayments these countries have to make so there are more funds available to spend on healthcare,
education and training improving the development of the country. - 6What is voluntary aid?Organised by NGOs/charities such as Action Aid and Oxfam. They raise money through fund raising events, private
donations and charity shops. This money usually fund bottom-up projects. - 7What is short- term aid?Needed after sudden disasters, such as aid sent from the UK to Nepal following the 2015 earthquake.
- 8What is long- term aid?Involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.
- 9What is meant by 'inter-governmental agreements?'These are agreements made between two or more governments to cooperate in some way.
- 10Trade agreements are an inter-governmental agreement. How does trade reduce uneven development?Trade agreements such as removing trade barriers can reduce uneven development by helping countries to increase trade, for example open trading between China and the EU.
- 11How does fair trade reduce uneven development?Fair trade producers in developing countries work together to deal directly with retailers in developed countries, get
fairer conditions and get a better price for their goods - 12Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a country/ company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does. What advantages does this bring?Advantages of FDI is that it brings in investment, especially from big brands which widens the consumer market. Foreign
companies may be able to pay more which increases wages. - 13What is a disadvantage of using FDI to reduce uneven development?FDI is not always reliable as investors can pull out. A lack of regulation can also have negative implications, e.g.
environmental consequences and industrial accidents. - 14Social and economic grouping, such as the EU, are also an inter-governmental agreement. How does the EU aim to reduce uneven development within its members?One aim of the EU was to promote trade between member countries, through the relaxation of protectionist policies, the free movement of labour and even the removal of exchange rates for Eurozone countries . It was believed that all member states would benefit through increased job creation and income.
- 15What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up development projects?Top-down happens through the actions of governments and TNCs (by FDI and choosing to relocate parts of their industry
there), whereas bottom-up happens through the actions of NGOs working with local people. - 16Compare the scale of top-down and bottom up development projects.Top-down are usually large scale projects (e.g. dams for HEP) whereas bottom-up are small scale (e.g. building a well in a
village) - 17Compare the aims of top-down and bottom-up projects.Bottom-up often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society, whereas topdown aim at national-level or regional-level development, solving large scale problems and improving the lives of lots of
people. - 18Which type of project is more expensive?Top-down
- 19What type of technology is used in bottom-up projects?Projects involve appropriate technology that local people can learn to operate and repair.
- 20What type of technology is used in top-down projects?Often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology, which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries.
- 21Identify an advantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.Access to the world-leading experts and latest technology.
- 22Identify another advantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.Projects can result in an increase in the demand for labour during the construction phase and enable new skills to be
learnt. - 23Identify a disadvantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.High capital expenditure costs, which could lead to government debt and the diversion of spending from education and
healthcare to pay off the debt. In some cases these debts have never been paid off - 24Identify another disadvantage of using top-down development projects to reduce uneven development.Funding can come with ‘ strings attached’, e.g. remove trade barriers. This means the country is under external influences for many years.
- 25Identify an advantage of using bottom-up development projects to reduce uneven development.Locally available, cheap materials are used so the community isn't dependent on expensive imports.
- 26Identify another advantage of using bottom-up development projects to reduce uneven development.Projects are labour intensive so they create jobs for local people, teaching people new skills.
- 27Identify a disadvantage of using bottom-up development projects to reduce uneven development.Countries will develop more slowly because of the size of the project (can’t deal with large problems such as air
pollution). - 28Identify another disadvantage of using bottom-up development projects to reduce uneven development.With so many different people involved it is hard to get agreement on how the money available should be spent
- 29Top-down development projects can be funded by TNCs. What is an advantage of TNC led top-down projects?TNCs may also invest in infrastructure, improving roads, basic services and communication links in the area.
- 30Top-down development projects can be funded by TNCs. What is a disadvantage of TNC led top-down projects?TNCs can cause environmental problems as developing countries have less strict environmental regulations.
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Kristians Kalnins el 12/06/2020.
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