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- 1Define MemoryThe retention of what we learn and experience.
- 2EncodingThe process of translating information into a form in which it can be used and then putting that coded information into our memory.
- 3StorageThe process of retaining information we have learnt
- 4RetrievalAccessing stored information
- 5Free RecallSimply remembering information
- 6Cued RecallSomething triggers the information
- 7RecognitionIdentifying something previously learnt
- 8Who created the MSM?Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- 9Multi-Store Model, image
- 10Multi-Store Model, informationAccording to the MSM all our sensory experiences are recorded in the sense organs as a very brief sensory memory; most of which is lost when the memory fades. But if it does move to the STM which has a duration of approximately 18-30 seconds and is verbally rehearsed in the rehearsal loop it can move to the LTM store.
- 11Iconic MemoryVisual Sensory Memory
- 12Echoic MemoryAuditory Sensory Memory
- 13ChunkingMiller (1956) involves grouping separate items into chunks, each chunk constituting a single item. It allows for us to cope with more than 7 items at a time in the short term memory store.
- 14What is Atkinson and Shiffrin's explanation of how information moves form the STM store to the LTM store?Verbal rehearsal. Information to be transferred to the LTM store is usually selected on the basis of its current importance to us and its relevance to what we know about the world.
- 15Explain a study that supports the MSMSperling (1960)
NEED TO RESEARCH AND UNDERSTAND - 16Digit Span TaskIt investigates the capacity of the STM store by asking pps to recall a series of numbers and letters which are increased by one each time. Most people can recall a maximum of 7 items.
- 17Primary Recency Effect/ Serial Position EffectEvidence of separate STM and LTM stores. Recalling early items is PRIMARY EFFECT, recalling end items is RECENCY EFFECT.
- 18Describe a study that explores the role of rehearsal in relation to the capacity and duration of STM.GLANZER AND CUNITZ (1966)
- 19What study shows how information in the different memory stores is coded or represented differently?BADDELEY (1966)
In STM tasks (less that 30 seconds) there is confusion over same sounding words - concluding that STM coding is auditory.
In LTM tasks (more than 30 seconds) there is confusion over same meanings - concluding that LTM involves semantics. - 20What study investigates the duration of STM memories?PETERSON AND PETERSON (1959)
- 21Strengths of the MSM+ Many studies support the model.
+ It is an important milestone in our understanding of the structures and processes involved in memory. - 22Weaknesses of MSM- Artificial.
-Oversimplified.
- Findings such as KF who suffered STM loss for verbal materials but was normal for visual materials suggesting the STM is not a single store.
- We remember lots of information regardless of rehearsal e.g. flashbulb memories. - 23Who created the WMM?Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
- 24The WMM, early version, image
- 25The WMM, explanationIt emphasises the active nature of a short term store which has more than one component. The three components allow for temporary storage for verbal and visuo-spatial material.
- 26Explain the Central ExecutiveRequired to;
*Focus and switch attention.
*Coordinate the sub-systems.
*Connect working memory with LTM.
-It's a flexible system that can process information in any sensory modality.
-It can also store information for brief periods of time. - 27Explain the visuo-spatial sketchpad-The visual component deals with colours, shapes and objects.
-The spatial component deals with locations and movement. - 28Explain the phonological loop-It holds auditory memory traces for a few seconds before they fade.
-The articulatory rehearsal process has a limited capacity of 3 to 4 items and is essentially sub-vocal speech.
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