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Population and Migration: Growth, Ageing and Demographics
Fichas del conjunto (21)
- 1Exponential growthIncreasing rate of growth
World’s population is expected to stabilize at about 12 billion by around 2050-80 - 2Global population growth rate creates:- global pressures on governments to provide for their people
- increased pressure on the govt.
- increased risk of famine and malnutrition
- greater differences between richer countries and the poorer countries - 3Status of women- Gender-related Development Index (GDI): measures inequality between the sexes in life expectancy, education and the standard of living.
- Low status of women, few educated and involved in payment > high birth rate
- Improved status of women, e.g. Singapore > fallen birth rate - 4Level of education- The higher the level of education of parents, the fewer the children
- Middle-income families tend to have the smallest families - 5Life expectancyAverage number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, if demographic factors remain unchanged
- 6Causes of low life expectancy- lack of clean water and food
- poor hygiene and sanitation
- overcrowding
- contagious diseases
- poverty
- wars/conflicts - 7Trends of birth rates for contrasting countriesMiddle East, Central Africa and Sub-saharan Africa have high birth rates. Central and south America, South and South-East Asia have BR between 18 - 28 births per thousand per year. Russia, China, N. America, Europe have low birth rates, for example France has a birth rate of less than 17.9.
- 8Mortality rates in contrasting countriesAngola has the highest death rate which is over 22.0 deaths per thousand per year. Russia, Central Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa have high death rates. North America, Europe, and a few countries in Africa and Asia have DR between 7.5 - 10.99 deaths per thousand per year. Mexico, Central and South America, North Africa, Major parts in Asia, Australia and Oceania have low death rates, for example Brazil has a death rate of less than 7.49.
- 9Causes of an ageing populationsHigh life expectancy caused by:
- Good medical care
- Good diet and improved water supply
- Good sanitation and hygiene
- Low birth rates caused by:
- Emancipation of women
- Cost of children
- Emigration of economically active - 10Problems of an ageing population- Shortage of economically active population
- Reduced taxation income for the government
- Cost of providing healthcare and care homes (elderly tend to get sick more frequently)
- Reduced spending on education, policing, transport network, etc.
- Cost of paying for pensions
- Service decline (schools, sports centres, etc. not used by older residents) - 11Solutions to an ageing population- Pro-natalist policies (see below - Singapore)
- Increased immigration of economically active
- Increased retirement age
- Private pensions
- Private healthcare
- Increased taxes of economically active - 12Advantages of an ageing population- Elderly people have a lot of experience and can be valuable in the workplace
- Less money spent on schooling and natal medical care
- Lower crime rates and less money needed to be spent on policing - 13Income gap trendsIncreasing:
- rich are getting richer
- there are less poor
- poor are getting richer
- but the gap between rich and poor is increasing
UK = biggest gap in developed countries - 14RemittancesThe transfer of money and/or goods by foreign workers to their home country
- 15Natural decreaseWhen the numbers of births is lower than the number of deaths
- 16Immigrationthe migration of people into a country from one or a number of other countries
- 17Emigrationthe migration of people from a country to one or a number of other countries
- 18Population projectionpredictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality, and migration
- 19Population momentumthe tendency for population to grow/decline despite a fall/increase in the birth rate or fertility levels
- 20Migrationsthe movement of people, involving a change of residence
- 21Carrying capacitythe largest population that the resources of a given environment can support
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