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BM1051 (2)

Hannah McCullagh Inglés 86 fichas

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1—Vertical muscle:
Intrinsic muscle of the tongue
Innervated by the Hypoglossal Nerve
Action - pulls the tongue inferiorly
2—Inferior Longitudinal Muscle:
Inferior muscle of the tongue
Innervated by the Hypoglossal Nerve
Action - pulls tip downwards and assists in retraction of the tongue, also move tongue to the left or right
3—Transverse muscle:
Intrinsic muscle of the tongue
Innervated by the Hypoglossal Nerve
Action - narrow the tongue
4—Septum
5Which muscles work together to poke the tongue out?Transverse and Vertical muscles along with Genioglossus
6—Styloglossus:
Origin - styloid process & stylohyoid ligament
Insertions - side & inferior aspect of tongue
Innervation - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Actions - retracts tongue and draws it up to create a trough for swallowing (rolling the tongue)
7How many types of epithelia cells are there and what are their names?2:
Gustatory epithelial cells - taste cells
Basal epithelial cells - act as stem cells constantly dividing and differentiating into gustatory cells
8How many basic taste sensations are there and what are they?5:
Sweet - organic substances
Sour - acids (H+ ions)
Salty - metal ions (inorganic salts)
Bitter - alkloids and non alkaloid substances
Umami - amino acids glutamate and aspartate "beef taste" of beef and tangy cheese taste
9What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue supplied by?Taste = chorda tympani nerve (CN VII)
General Sensation = lingual nerve of mandibular (CN V3)
Motor = Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except palatoglossus (Pharyngeal Plexus - CN X and CN XI)
10What is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue supplied by?General and special sensation = Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Motor = Hypoglossal nerve for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except the palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus - CN X and CN XI)
11How many paired salivary glands are there and what are their names?3:
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid
12—Parotid Salivary Gland:
Lies within the cheek over the masseter; largest gland; innervated by Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX); not located within oral cavity so has a parotid duct which takes the saliva to the oral cavity through small hole in the buccinator which opens next to the 2nd molar tooth
13What are the functions of the salivary glands?Lubricate food, Keep everything moist, Mouthwash - chewing gum, Digestion - amylase to digest starch
14—Sublingual Salivary Gland:
located under the tongue, lies in the floor of the oral cavity and found above the mylohyoid muscle; innervated by the chorda tympani branch of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
15—Submandibular Salivary Gland:
partially in the submandibular anterior triangle of the neck, and partially in the oral cavity proper by wrapping around the mylohyoid muscle; Innervated by the chorda tympani branch of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
16Which specific nerve is the lacrimal gland supplied by?Greater petrosal of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)
17How many parts can the pharynx be divided into and what are they?3:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
18Where is the pharynx located and what is it a common route for?Extends from the base of the skull to C6, lies posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and larynx, continuous tube but has different regions, continuous with oesophagus; common route for food and air
19Where does the Eustachian tube open into?The Nasopharynx
20Where is the nasopharynx and what is its function?Located above the soft palate
Aerates the middle ear
21What is the Velopharyngeal port?The opening between the oropharynx and nasopharynx
22Where is the oropharynx located and what is its function?Below the nasopharynx;
Processed food (bolus) will move into it from the oral cavity
23Where is the laryngopharynx located?Below the oropharynx
24Where does the pharynx take its attachments from?The base of the skull but more specifically the temporal, sphenoid and occipital bones
25How many groups can the muscles of the pharynx be split into and what are they?2:
Constrictor muscles
Longitudinal muscles
26What are the muscles of the pharynx (constrictor and longitudinal) supplied by?The Pharyngeal Plexus (CN X and CN XI)
27What is the function of the constrictor muscles collectively?Constrict or narrow the pharyngeal cavity - when they constrict from top to bottom at the same time they move a bolus of food from the pharynx into the oesophagus (swallowing)
28—Superior Constrictor:
Origin - pterygomandibular raphe
Insertion - median raphe of pharngeal apornerosis
Action - pulls pharyngeal wall forward and constricts
Innervation - pharyngeal plexus
29—Middle Constrictor:
Origin - horns of the hyoid and stylohyoid ligament
Insertion - median pharyngeal raphe
Innervation - pharyngeal plexus
Action - narrows diameter of pharynx
30—Inferior Constrictor:
Origin - cricoid cartilage
Insertion - orifice of the oesophagus
Innervation - pharyngeal plexus and recurrent laryngeal nerve
Action - constricts superior orifice of oesophagus
31—Thyropharyngeus:
attached tot he thyroid cartilage (superior); Comes from the thyroid cartilage to the pharynx;
Part of the inferior constrictor muscle
32How many parts does the inferior constrictor muscle have and what are they?2:
Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus
33—Cricopharyngeus:
Attaches to the cricoid cartilage;
Comes from the cricoid cartilage to the pharynx
34How many longitudinal muscles are there and what are their names?3:
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
35—Salpingopharyngeus:
from the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube and blends with the deep pharyngeal wall;
During swallowing the Eustachian tube opens to equilibrate;
Innervation: Pharyngeal Plexus (CN X and XI)
36—Stylopharyngeous:
Origin - styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion - pharyngeal wall
Innervation - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
37What is the collective function of the longitudinal muscles?To elevate the pharyngeal wall up and over a bolus of food as it moves into the oesophagus
38How many gaps are in the pharyngeal wall and what are they?4:
Pharyngeal fascia
Between superior and middle constrictor
Between middle and inferior constrictor
Below the inferior constrictor
39—Pharyngeal fascia:
Contents - levator veli palatini, pharyngotympanic tube and ascending palatine artery
40—Between superior and middle constrictor:
Contents - hypoglossal nerves and vessels (allows muscles and vessels to pass in and out of the oral cavity)
41—Between middle and inferior constrictor:
Contents - internal laryngeal vessels and recurrent laryngeal nerves and vessels
42—Below inferior constrictor:
Recurrent laryngeal nerves and associated vessels
43Define fascia?Connective tissue
44Where is the thyroid gland located?In the anterior neck region, just anterior to the trachea and just inferior to the larynx
45How is the thyroid gland structured?Has 2 lateral lobes connected by a midline tissue mass called the isthmus
46What is the function of the thyroid gland?Part of the endocrine system (hormone system); secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4); main functions of the thyroid hormones are in metabolism, but it has many other effects on the body
47What is the function of glands?Part of the endocrine (hormone) system; secretes hormones which are chemical messengers that circulate in the blood and have many functions such as reproduction, growth and development, water and nutrient balance in the body and regulation of metabolism and energy levels
48—Part of endocrine system; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH); functions to regulate blood and skeletal calcium levels; important for blood calcium levels which can effect nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction and blood clotting; if not controlled; gland is adjacent to the thyroid gland
49What supplies the thyroid and parathyroid glands?The superior thyroid artery (branch off the external carotid artery) and inferior thyroid artery off (branch off the thyrocervical trunk)
50—Superior thyroid arteries:
1st branch off the external carotid;
Descends down to the thyroid gland
51—Inferior thyroid arteries:
Directly off thyrocervical trunk;
ascends towards the thyroid and parathyroid glands
52How many cartilages of the larynx are there?9 altogether:
3 paired
3 unpaired
53Where is this part of the body located?Lies in the anterior neck region posterior to the thyroid gland and the infrahyoids and anterior to the oesophagus
54Define PhysiologyThe study of the normal function of the human body
55Define TwitchA single contraction in response to a brief threshold stimulation (in this context is different from involuntary twitching of a muscle)
56Define Threshold StimulationSmallest amount of stimulation that will result in contraction
57Define Latent PeriodTime between stimulation and tension development
58Define Contraction PeriodMuscular contraction develops tension
59Define Relaxation PeriodTension is removed from the muscle (longer than the contraction period)
60Define Tetanic ContractionsOccurs when a motor unit has been maximally stimulated by its motor neuron. This occurs when a muscle's motor unit is stimulated by multiple impulses at a sufficiently high frequency. Each stimulus causes a twitch, therefore, it causes multiple twitches
61Define Wave SummationOccurs if the muscle is stimulated again before the muscle is relaxed
62Define Motor UnitMotor neuron + muscle fibres it supplies (the muscle fibres innervated by a motor neuron); activate the motor neuron and all fibres it supplies are activated simultaneously
63Define Muscle ToneThe resting tension in the skeletal muscle
64Define Motor Unit RecruitmentNeeds enough motor units to match the weight to be lifted before it can be
65Define Isometric ContractionThe muscle does not change length
66Define Isotonic ConctractionThe muscle length changes without additional tension development (isotonic = same tension); tension develops to a point and then remains constant while the muscle changes its length (when we move our limbs); two types = concentric contraction and eccentric contraction
67Define Concentric ContractionMuscle shortens
68Define Eccentric ContractionMuscle Lengthens
69Define GlycolosisThe breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
70Define TwitchA single contraction in response to a brief threshold stimulation (in this context is different form involuntary twitching)
71Define Threshold StimultionSmallest amount of stimulation that will result in contraction
72Define Latent PeriodTime between stimulation and tension development
73Define Contraction PeriodMuscular contraction develops tension
74Define Relaxation PeriodTension is removed from the muscle (longer than the contraction period)
75Define Tetanic ContractionsOccurs when a motor unit has been maximally stimulated by its motor neuron. This occurs when a muscle's motor unit is stimulated by multiple impulses at a sufficiently high frequency. Each stimulus causes a twitch, therefore it causes multiple twitches
76Define Wave SummationOccurs if the muscle is stimulated again before the muscle is relaxed
77Define Motor UnitMotor neuron + muscle fibres it supplies
78Define Muscle Tonethe resting tension in the skeletal muscle
79Define Motor Unit RecruitmentNeeds enough motor units to match the weight to be lifted before it can be
80Define DepolarisedDecrease in membrane potential; inside of cell becomes less negative than the resting potential (closer to 0); first phase of action potential
81Define RepolarisedCell membrane become more negative; second phase of action potential
82Define HyperpolarisedIncrease in membrane potential; inside the membrane becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential; third and last phase of action potential
83Define Graded PotentialChanges in the membrane potential; are local, short and spread in all directions from where they start; can be depolarising or/and hyperpolarising
84Define Action PotentialA brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude (change in voltage) of about 100mV; depolarisation is followed by repolarisation and often a short period of hyperpolarisation; only occurs in the axon; are self propagating; travel in one direction (2 gates open, 1 gate closes); can travel very far
85What is the resting membrane potential?-70mV
86Define Refractory PeriodsA period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation