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Psychology - Learning
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- 1LearningLearning
- 2LearningA relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
- 3Classical conditioningLearning through association
- 4Unconditioned stimulusthe stimulus that produces a reflex response
- 5unconditioned responsethe reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus
- 6conditioned stimulusa new stimulus presented alongside the unconditioned stimulus
- 7conditioned responsethe response that is learnt and now occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone
- 8extinctiona conditioned response dies out
- 9spontaneous recoverya conditioned response that has disappeared suddenly appears again
- 10generalisationthe conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to original conditioned stimulus is presented
- 11discriminationthe conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented
- 12operant conditioningis learning that takes place because of the consequences of behavior
- 13law of effectbehaviors that are followed by a positive consequence are likely to be repeated; those that are punished are not usually repeated
- 14punishmenta stimulus that weakens behavior because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it
- 15reinforcementa consequence of behavior that encourages or strengthens a behavior; this might be seen as a reward
- 16positive reinforcementa pleasant consequence of behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
- 17negative reinforcementan unpleasant experience is removed after a behavior or action is made, therefore increasing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
- 18behavior shapinginvolves changing behavior is small steps using reinforcement
- 19phobiaa persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation.
the typical symptoms include intense feelings of fear and anxiety to avoid the object, activity or situation - 20floodinga treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object, activity or situation, until there is no feared response.
- 21systematic desensitisationa treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed to the feared object, activity or situation
- 22hierarchy of fearsa series of feared events ranked from least frightening to most frightening
- 23aversion therapya treatment for addictions, such as drug and alcohol dependency, which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance
- 24primary reinforcera reward, such as food or water, that the animal or person needs in order to survive
- 25secondary reinforcera reward, such as money or a token, that the animal or person can exchange for a primary reinforcer
- 26who came up with the theory of classical conditioning?Pavlov
- 27who came up with the theory of operant conditioning?Skinner
- 28Who came up with the 'Law of Effect'?Thorndike
- 29Describe Watson and Rayners study into classical conditioning...Aim:to see if the emotional response of ear could be conditioned into a human being.
Method: Little Albert, 11 month old baby, like white rats, white rat was shown to him and as he reached for it a metal bar was hit with a hammer, this was done several times.
Results: Albert screamed and tried to get away from the rat after 7 times and was also scared of a santa claus mask.
Conclusion: fear responses could be learnt in the way suggested by classical conditioning.
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- Fichas sobre Psychology - Learning, creado por chlomariee el 03/06/2015.
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