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LEARN - Week 1
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- 1Explain Rene Descartes theories of behaviour.He believed in Cartesian Dualism, as well as Animal Spirits, and Nativism
- 2What is Cartesian Dualism?Cartesian Dualism is the belief that behaviour is a combination of free will (voluntary) and automatic responses (involuntary that are cued by external stimuli).
- 3Explain the belief of Animal Spirits in regards to behaviour.Animal spirits embodied us and guided our behaviours.
- 4What is Nativism?Nativism is the belief that we are born with innate responses and behaviours, that we are not a blank slate like John Locke proposes.
- 5Explain Thomas Hobbes approach to behaviour.Hobbes believed that behaviour was guided by fixed principals, and that it was voluntary. He argued that behaviour was governed by hedonism.
- 6What is meant by hedonism in regards to Hobbes approach to behaviour?Whereby our behaviours were guided by our biological needs, and by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
- 7Explain John Locke's approach to behaviour.Locke believed that all humans were born as a blank slate (tabula rasa), and that behaviour was learnt through senses and experiences.
- 8Nature vs. Nurture is the current approach to behaviour. Briefly explain this approach.Nature vs. nurture questions whether is it nature (biology), or nurture (the environment) that govern behaviour. It is believed to be both, and the we are a product of the interaction between biology and the environment.
- 9Who was Charles Darwin? What did he propose?Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution.
- 10Briefly explain the theory of evolution.Through natural selection, the most useful genes are passed on. When the environment poses an 'evolutionary problem', individuals without the solution to the issue usually die and fail to reproduce, which permits natural selection to occur over a number of generations.
- 11Name and explain the 3 mechanisms that support the process of natural selection.1. Variability (individual differences so that you have a 'pool' of genes to choose from)
2. Differential reproductive success (those who posses the solution are more likely to survive and reproduce)
3. Heritability (those who are the fittest for survival will pass on the selected genes) - 12Just to test your memory, explain the example of natural selection given in class about the Grey Peppered MothsThe bark was white, so the white moths survived more than the black. During a war, the bark turned black, and most of the white moths dies and the black became more common.
- 13Explain some limits to natural selection.It works over many generations, so it cannot help the current generation of that species to survive the environmental issue. Also, seeing as it takes a while to happen, you could see a extinction of that species (i.e. global warming - polar bears)
- 14Does natural selection only apply to physical characteristics?No, it is argued that natural selection also applies to behaviour in the from of reflexes, modal action patterns, and learning.
- 15What are General Behaviour Traits?These are behavioural tendencies such as aggression, activity level, introversion, anxiety, etc (believed to have a genetic basis).
- 16Provide an example of a General Behaviour Trait and explain why is may have been useful to our ancestors.Children will often turn away from green vegies. This is believed to have been because many green plants used to be poisonous. Through natural selection, avoiding green vegies has been passed on for a child's protection.
- 17What are Elicited Behaviours? Provide examples.Behaviours that occur in response to a stimuli, such as reflex's and modal action patterns.
- 18Explain the concept of reflex's.Reflex's are involuntary behaviours that occur in response to an external stimuli such as stroking a babies cheek (they turn their head), touching a baby's lips (start sucking) or puff of air (causing a blink). Reflex's are almost always the same, only having a small degree of variability through habituation and sensitization.
- 19What is the Reflex Arc?It is where the sensory neuron sends the sensed information into the inter-neuron (where habituation and sensitization occur), and out to the motor neuron, causing a physical reflex.
- 20What is a Modal Action Pattern?A modal action pattern is a set a specific behaviours that occur in response to an external stimuli (triggering events are called releasers) They are species-specific, and instinctual. (i.e. cat arching its back, hissing, and raising it's tail - baby searching for nipple, finding nipple, and sucking - bird finding sticks, laying sticks, padding nest).
- 21In regards to MAPS, what are sign stimuli?Sign stimuli are the critical stimuli in the environment that are required to elicit a reflex or MAP.
- 22In regards to MAPS, what are supernormal stimuil?Supernormal stimuli are stimuli that are unusually effective in eliciting behaviours (i.e. adding salt, sugar, or fat to food makes humans much more likely to eat it)
- 23Explain what is meant when I say that behaviour are organized into sequences. What are the 2 types of behaviours?It means that behaviours have a beginning, middle, and an end. The two types of behaviours are appetitive behaviours and consummatory behaviours.
- 24What are appetitive behaviours?Appetitive behaviours are the early components of a behavioural sequence, such as gathering your tools before hunting.
- 25What are consummatory behaviours?Consummatory behaviours are the end components that represent the completion of a behaviour, such as eating the hunted food.
- 26Define the term learning.Learning is defined as an enduring change in the mechanisms of behaviour involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with those or similar stimuli and responses.
- 27Learning can be implicit and explicit. Explain what is meant by this, and provide examples.Explicit learning is when you are conscious that you are learning (e.g. studying for an exam), however implicit learning is unconscious learning (e.g. associations between hearing your full name and being in trouble).
- 28What was Ivan Pavlov famous for studying? What was Hermann Ebbinghaus famous for studying?Reflex's, classical conditioning.
Associations. - 29How do we study learning? What is meant by having operational definitions?We study learning by measuring behaviour change. Operational definitions refers to making the behaviour you are studying measurable, so you can evaluate changes.
- 30What is anecdotal evidence? What are the limitations to it.Basically it is claiming things as true without and actual evidence to back it up (i.e. everyone knows that... or I know someone who...).
It is biased and has an insufficient sample. - 31What are case studies? What are the limitations to it?Case studies are looking deeply into individuals.
They are costly, and have problems with being generalizable. Also, there is no way to claim causation rather than correlation. - 32What are descriptive studies (correlational studies)? What are the limitations to them?They are correlations, where you look at the relationship between two variables.
You cannot claim causation. - 33What are experimental studies? What are the two types? What are the limitations of experimental studies?Experimental studies are studies that require the manipulation of the dependent variable. The two types are between and within.
There can be issues with generalizability (especially if tested on another species) - 34Explain the general-process approach to the study of learning.the general-process approach believes that there are extremely basic underlying behaviours that are present across all species in the same situations. It is about finding those basic behaviours, and then using them as the building bricks for that more elaborate behaviours of that species.
- 35Define habituation. Define sensitization.Habituation effects - decreases in the responsiveness to a stimuli due to repeated presentations of that stimuli
Sensitization effects - increases in responsiveness to a stimuli due to repeated presentations of that stimuli. - 36Why is habituation and sensitization useful in our day to day life?Because habituation allows us to focus on one soul thing at a time (i.e. studying). If you noticed all of the items in the room while trying to learn, you wouldn't retain much. Sensitization works in a similar way.
- 37What is the stimulus specific effect?It is just a method used to test for habituation. For example, if you presented a baby with a tissue after repeated presentations of a stick, they should be interested as they have not habituated to the tissue.
- 38Do we habituate only to negative or boring stimuli?No, we also habituate to pleasant stimuli such as food, sex, music, and the environment.
- 39Explain this image.This is where the information goes in, and then after being processed is released to the muscle which allows for the responsive behaviour.
- 40What is sensory adaptation?Decreases in sensitivity that stop the response (i.e. in sight due to bring light, or hearing due to loud noise). Happens outside of the nervous system and therefore is distinguishable from habituation.
- 41What is response fatigue?Muscle incapacitation due to fatigue that stop the response. Happens outside of the nervous system and therefore is distinguishable from habituation.
Información
- Descripción
- Learning and Behaviour Unit - Week 1
- Creado por
- Tori Bates
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- 4
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