Fichas
High-yield gross anatomy facts and mnemonics
Fichas del conjunto (166)
- 1PericardiumConsists of 3 layers (from outer to inner):
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium Visceral layer of serous pericardium - 2Pericardium innervatedby phrenic nerve.
- 3Retroperitoneal structuresRetroperitoneal structures A are posterior to (and outside of) the peritoneal cavity. Injuries to retroperitoneal structures can cause blood or gas accumulation in retroperitoneal space.
SAD PUCKER - 4SAD PUCKER:Suprarenal (adrenal) glands [not shown] Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (2nd through 4th parts) Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters [not shown]
Colon (descending and ascending) Kidneys
Esophagus (thoracic portion) [not shown] Rectum (partially) [not shown] - 5Gastrohepatic ligament carriesGastric vessels
- 6Splenorenal ligament carriesSplenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas
- 7Gastrosplenic ligament carriesShort gastrics, left gastroepiploic vessels
- 8Rotator cuff musclesSupraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
Subscapularis - 9Supraspinatus(suprascapular nerve)—
abducts arm initially (before the action
of the deltoid); most common rotator
cuff injury (trauma or degeneration and impingementtendinopathy or tear [arrow in A ]), assessed by “empty/full can” test - 10Infraspinatus(suprascapular nerve)— externally rotates arm; pitching injury
- 11teres minor(axillary nerve)—adducts and externally rotates arm
- 12 Subscapularis(upper and lower subscapular nerves)—internally rotates and adducts arm
- 13Axillary (C5-C6)Fractured surgical neck of humerus Anterior dislocation of humerus
- 14presentFlattened deltoid
Loss of arm abduction at shoulder (> 15°)
Loss of sensation over deltoid and lateral arm - 15Musculocutaneous (C5-C7)Upper trunk compression
- 16presentbiceps (C5-6) reflex
Weakness of forearm flexion and supination Loss of sensation over lateral forearm - 17Radial (C5-T1)Compression of axilla, eg, due to crutches or sleeping with arm over chair (“Saturday night palsy”)
Midshaft fracture of humerus
Repetitive pronation/supination of
forearm, eg, due to screwdriver use (“finger drop”) - 18prrsentWrist drop: loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension
grip strength (wrist extension necessary for maximal action of flexors)
Loss of sensation over posterior arm/forearm and dorsal hand - 19Median (C5-T1)Supracondylar fracture of humerusproximal lesion of the nerve
Carpal tunnel syndrome and wrist laceration distal lesion of the nerve - 20present“Ape hand” and “Pope’s blessing”
Loss of wrist flexion, flexion of lateral fingers, thumb opposition, lumbricals of index and middle fingers
Loss of sensation over thenar eminence and dorsal and palmar aspects of lateral 31⁄2 fingers with proximal lesion - 21Ulnar (C8-T1)Fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus “funny bone” (proximal lesion)
Fractured hook of hamate (distal lesion) from fall on outstretched hand - 22se“Ulnar claw” on digit extension
Radial deviation of wrist upon flexion (proximal lesion)
Loss of wrist flexion, flexion of medial fingers, abduction and adduction of fingers (interossei), actions of medial 2 lumbrical muscles
Loss of sensation over medial 11/2 fingers including hypothenar eminence - 23Recurrent branch of median nerve (C5-T1)Superficial laceration of palm
- 24present“Ape hand”
Loss of thenar muscle group: opposition
abduction, and flexion of thumb No loss of sensation - 25Thoracic outlet syndromeCompression
of lower trunk and subclavian vessels, most commonly within the scalene triangle - 26Winged scapulaLesion of long thoracic nerve, roots C5-C7 (“wings of heaven”)
- 27func defInability to anchor scapula to thoracic cage cannot abduct arm
above horizontal position B - 28Wrist regionScaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium A . (So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb)
- 29Scaphoid(palpable in anatomic snuff box B )
is the most commonly fractured carpal bone, typically due to a fall on an outstretched hand.
Complications of proximal scaphoid fractures include avascular necrosis and nonunion due to retrograde blood supply from a branch of the radial artery. Fracture not always seen on initial x-ray. - 30Hand musclesThenar (median)
- 31Thenar (median)Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, superficial head (deep head by ulnar nerve).
- 32Hypothenar (ulnar)Opponens digiti minimi, Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi brevis.
- 33Dorsal interossei (ulnarDorsal interossei (ulnar)—abduct the fingers.
Palmar interossei (ulnar)—adduct the fingers. - 34lumbricalsLumbricals (1st/2nd, median; 3rd/4th, ulnar)— flex at the MCP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints.
- 35CerebellumModulates movement;
aids in coordination and balance - 36ventricle systemLateral ventriclesto 3rd ventricle via right and left interventricular foramina of Monro.
3rd ventricle to4th ventricle via cerebral
aqueduct of Sylvius.
4th ventricle to subarachnoid space via:
Foramina of Luschka = Lateral.
Foramen of Magendie = Medial. - 37what goes thru Cribriform plate of skullCN 1
- 38goes thru Optic canalCN II
Ophthalmic artery - 39goes trru Superior orbital fissureCN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN V1 - 40goes thru Foramen RotundumCN V2
- 41Foramen OvaleCN V3
- 42Foramen spinosumMiddle meningeal artery
- 43Internal auditory meatusCN VII
CN VII - 44Jugular foramenCN IX
CN X
CN XI
Jugular vein - 45Hypoglossal canalCN XII
- 46Foramen magnumBrain stem
Spinal root of CN XI
Vertebral arteries - 47OlfactorySmell (only CN without thalamic relay to cortex)
- 48OpticSight
- 49OculomotorEye movement (SR, IR, MR, IO),
pupillary constriction (sphincter pupillae: Edinger-Westphal nucleus, muscarinic receptors),
accommodation,
eyelid opening (levator palpebrae) - 50TrochlearEye movement (SO)
- 51TrigeminalMastication,
facial sensation (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions),
somatosensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue,
dampening of loud noises (tensor tympani) - 52AbducensEye movement (LR)
- 53FacialFacial movement,
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue (chorda tympani),
lacrimation,
salivation (submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by CN seven),
eye closing (orbicularis oculi),
auditory volume modulation (stapedius) - 54VestibulocochlearHearing, balance
- 55GlossopharyngealTaste and sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue,
swallowing,
salivation (parotid gland),
monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo- and baroreceptors, and elevation of pharynx/larynx (stylopharyngeus) - 56VagusTaste from supraglottic region, swallowing, soft palate elevation,
midline uvula,
talking,
cough reflex,
parasympathetics to thoracoabdominal viscera,
monitoring aortic arch chemo- and baroreceptors - 57AccessoryHead turning, shoulder shrugging (SCM, trapezius)
- 58HypoglossalTongue movement
- 59Spinal cord—lower extentIn adults, spinal cord ends at lower border of L1–L2 vertebrae.
- 60Ascending tractsDorsal column
Spinothalamic tract - 61Dorsal columnPressure,
vibration,
fine touch,
proprioception - 62pathwaySensory nerve ending
bypasses pseudounipolar cell body in dorsal root ganglion
enters spinal cord
ascends ipsilaterally in dorsal columns - 63part 2Decussates in medulla
ascends contralaterally as the medial lemniscus - 64Spinothalamic tractLateral: pain, temperature
Anterior: crude touch, pressure - 65pathwaySensory nerve ending (Aδ and C fibers) bypasses pseudounipolar cell body in dorsal root ganglion
enters spinal cord - 66part 2Decussates in spinal
cord as the anterior white commissure
ascends contralaterally - 67Descending tractLateral corticospinal tract
- 68Lateral corticospinal tractVoluntary movement of contralateral limbs
- 69pathwayUMN: cell body in
1° motor cortex
descends ipsilaterally (through posterior limb of internal capsule and cerebral peduncle),
most fibers decussate at caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation)
descends contralaterally - 70which lung gets more things stcukRight lung is a more common site for inhaled foreign bodies because right main stem bronchus is wider, more vertical, and shorter than the left.
- 71at what vertebral level(s) should you perform a lumbar puncture ?L3/L4 or L4/L5; level of the iliac crests
- 72most common levels of herniated discLumbar Levels= L4/L5 or L5/S1
cervical regions= C5/C6 or C6/C7 - 73what is injured at the surgical neck of the humerus?-axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery
- 74what is affected in a medial epicondyle fracture?ulnar nerve
- 75origins of which muscles may be affected in medial epicondylitis?-pronator teres
-flexor carpi radialis
-palmaris longus
-flexor carpi ulnaris - 76cubital fossa contents from lateral to medial:1. biceps brachii tendon
2. brachial artery
3. median nerve - 77how does a patient present with erb's palsy?-arm is adducted
-arm is medially rotated
-elbow is extended
-loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the upper limb - 78causes of musculocutaneous n. injuries? presentation?-lesions to the lateral cord
-weakened flexion at the elbow (biceps and brachialis)
-weakened supination of the forearm (biceps)
-may have sensory loss over the lateral aspect of the forearm - 79what structure can you damage during PDA ligation?left recurrent laryngeal n
(results in hoarseness) - 80parietal vs visceral pleura sensations?parietal pleura is sensitive to general senses like pain, temperature, touch because it has somatic sensory innervation
visceral pleura is sensitive to stretch but insensitive to general senses because it has autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus - 81Costal pleura is innervated by? Mediastinal pleura is innervated by? Diaphragmatic pleura is innervated by?1. intercostal nerves
2. phrenic nerve
3. phrenic nerve - 82What makes up the anterior rectus sheath above the arcuate line? posterior sheath?Anterior sheath: external oblique and anterior internal oblique
Posterior sheath: Posterior internal oblique and transverse abdominis aponeurosis - 83What makes up the anterior rectus sheath below the arcuate line? posterior sheath?-Anterior sheath: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
-No posterior sheath - 84What vessels come off the Aorta at... T12: L1: L2: L3: L4:T12: Celiac
L1: SMA
L2: Renal arteries
L3: IMA
L4: Common iliac - 85a stomach ulcer found on the posterior wall can cause....-can erode into the lesser omental sac
-can erode into the splenic artery
-can potential erode into the pancreas - 86sensory innervation of the liver and gallbladder?right phrenic --> pain may radiate to the right shoulder
- 87where does the left gastric vein drain?portal vien
- 88where is the head of the pancreas found?-fond w/i the C-shaped area formed by the 2nd part of the duodenum
- 89the superior mesenteric vessels cross over which structures?the uncinate process,
left renal vein,
3rd part of the duodenum - 90where does the splenic vein and SMV join to form the portal vein?behind the neck of the pancreas
- 91pancreas blood supply?head= pancreaticoduodenal arteries
neck, body, tail= pancreatic branches off of the splenic artery - 92what is the fascia covering the liver called?Glisson's
- 93the ureter overlies which muscle?psoas major
- 94what drains into the left renal vein?the left suprarenal and left gonadal vein
- 95fracture of the anterior cranial fossa presentation:-fracture of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
-anosmia, periorbital bruising (raccoon eyes), and CSF leakage from the nose (rhinorrhea) - 96what is scaphocephaly?-premature closure of the sagittal suture
-the anterior fontanelle is small or absent
-long narrow wedge shaped cranium (mohawk looking) - 97what is oxycephaly?-premature closure of the coronal suture
-results in a high tower-like cranium- cone head - 98what is plagiocephaly?-premature closure of the coronal or the lambdoid suture on one side only
-the cranium is twisted and asymmetrical - 99what passes through foramen spinosum?the middle meningeal artery
- 100how does the hypothalamus connect with the anterior pituitary?through the hypophyseal portal system
- 101small area over the angle of the mandible is supplied by..?the great auricular nerve (C2-C3)
- 102sensory innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tonguegeneral= lingual nerve (V3)
taste= chorda tympani (VII) - 103palatine tonsils blood supply?tonsillar branch of the facial artery
- 104tonsil innervation?CN IX
- 105muscles of the soft palate-tensor veli palatini
-levator veli palatini
-palatoglossus
-palatopharyngeus
-uvular muscle - 106levator veli palatinin fx?-elevates the soft palate during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasopharynx
- 107palatopharyngeus fx?-depresses the soft palate and pulls walls of the pharynx superiorly
- 108complete CNIII palsy presentation-ptosis
-dilated pupil
-down and out eye - 109CNIV palsy presentation?-eye is rotated externally/laterally
-patients tilt head away from the side of the lesion
-can't look down and in
-issues reading a book or walking down the stairs - 110CN VI palsy presentation?internal strabismus of the affected eye
- 111What nerve runs on the posterior external auditory canal that can cause fainting if pressed?CNX
- 112what are the 2 types of folds in the larynx? histology?1. vestibular folds= false vocal cords
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar
2. vocal folds= true vocal cords
-stratified squamous - 113What is the only abductor muscle of the vocal cords? innervation?posterior cricoarytenoid
- 114posterior cricoarytenoid innervated byinnervated by CNX recurrent laryngeal nerve
- 115what is the intrinsic larynx muscle innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve?cricothyroid
- 116triangles of the neck (what separates them?).
- 117contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?veins= external jugular vein + subclavian vein
arteries= occipital artery
nerves= accessory nerve, trunks of the brachial plexus, branches of cervical plexus, phrenic nerve
lymph nodes= superficial cervical nodes along the external jugular vein - 118What muscle does the phrenic nerve lie on top of?anterior scalene
- 119What artery supplies the superficial palmar arch? Deep palmar arch?superficial= ulnar
deep= radial - 120What rotator cuff muscle medially rotates the arm?subscapularis
- 121where does the lymphatics from the dorsum of the foot drain?popliteal
- 122What nerve does the recurrent laryngeal nerve give rise to? This nerve innervates what muscles? Except?Recurrent laryngeal --> inferior laryngeal nerve
Innervates all intrinsic laryngeal nerves except the cricothyroid - 123the body of the T4 vertebrae articulates with what ribs?the heads of the 4th and 5th ribs
- 124the dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves innervates which muscles?deep muscles of the back (erector spinae)
- 125the ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves innervates which muscles?superficial back muscles
- 126what forms the triangle of auscultation?lats + trapezius
- 127trapezius blood supply?superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery
- 128Venous anglecreated by subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
- 129Serratus Anterior nervelong thoracic nerve
- 130blood supplylateral thoracic artery
- 131actionprotracts/rotates scapula; holds scapula against thoracic wall
- 132Deltoid nerveaxillary nerve
- 133arteryposterior circumflex humeral artery/ deltoid branch of thoracoacromial trunk
- 134actionflexes/medially rotates arm, abducts arm, extends/laterally rotates arm
- 135Supraspinatus nervesuprascapular nerve
- 136arterysuprascapular artery
- 137actioninitiates abduction of arm
- 138Infraspinatus nervesuprascapular nerve
- 139arterysuprascapular artery
- 140actionlateral rotation of arm
- 141Subscapularis nerveupper and lower subscapular nerve
- 142arterysubscapular artery and lateral thoracic artery
- 143actionmedially rotates and abducts arm
- 144Teres Minoraxillary nerve
- 145arterycircumflex scapular artery
- 146actionlateral rotation of arm
- 147Brachioradialisdeep radial nerve
- 148actionweakly flexes elbow
- 149Pronator teresmedian nerve
- 150actionpronates forearm, flexes elbow (weakly)
- 151Sternocleidomastoid m.CN XI (spinal accessory n.)
- 152actionturns head and flexes neck
- 153Infrahyoid musclesTOSS
Thyrohyoid m.
(Only one innervated by nerve to
thyrohyoid)
Omohyoid m.
Sternothyroid m.
Sternohyoid m.
(innervated by ansa cerivcales) - 154Carotid SheathCommon/internal carotid a.
More medial
Internal jugular v.
More lateral
Vagus n. (CN X)
More posterior - 155Occipitofrontalis m.Occipital part: draws scalp backwards
Frontalis part: raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
Connected by epicranial aponeurosis - 156Orbicularis oculi m.Palpebral part: blinking
Orbicular part: winking - 157Nasalis m.Transverse part: compress nasal aperture
Alar part: flares nostrils - 158Buccinator m.Puff cheeks
- 159Orbicular oris m.Purses lips
- 160Auricular mm. (anterior, superior, posterior)Wiggle ears
- 161Facial n. (CN VII) goes thruStylomastoid foramen
- 162functionInnervate muscles of facial expression
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Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
Posterior auricular - 163Frontal Sinuses-Located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows.
-Infections here can cause severe pain in this area. - 164Sphenoid Sinuses-Located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves.
-Infections here can damage vision. - 165Maxillary Sinuses-Largest of the paranasal sinuses.
-Located in the maxillary bones under the eyes.
-Infections here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth. - 166Ethmoid Sinuses-Located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes.
-Are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone.
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Shylla T el 07/06/2021.
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