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Module 13
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- 1EXPLAIN ETHERNET Cat5?Category 5 & 6 cables are also known as ethernet cabling. Categories exist because this physical type of cabling has been in use for quite some time, but different categories define different implementations. For E.g. category 1 was phone cable, but the internal structure of the cabling itself has been fairly consistent as Category 5 still uses Twisted pair cabling(uses eight wires in four twisted pairs in comparison to phone cable with two twisted pairs. So each category defined new specifications. As the category increased, the capabilities of the cable increased as well.
Category 5:
-comes in Cat5 and Cat5e(category 5 enhanced),
-ethernet standard of 100BASE-TX(or just 100BASET) and 1000BASE-T. (100/1000 = speed(Mbps), BASE = Baseband transmission(means 100% of the available bandwidth of the cabling is used up), T/TX = twisted pair, Extended(refers to the distance)
-Distance of 100 meters guaranteed with TX out of an ethernet cable(category 5 cable) - 2EXPLAIN ETHERNET Cat6?Ethernet cable with:
-Twisted pair cable
-Cat6(only reliable over 55 meters) and Cat6A(category 6 augmented, reliable distance of 100 meters)
-Compatible with prior categories(backward compatible, can remove Cat5 cable and drop it in Cat6 or vice versa, but will only get the specifications of the cable in terms of performance, won't get the speed)
-Cat6 implemented stricter specifications
-Defined an ethernet standard of 10GBASE-T(10 gigabits per second, much faster)
Another feature of these cables is the internal wiring scheme or the color pattern. There are 2 implementations, T-568A or B. All that matters is that you are consistent(E.g. if crimping your own cables, as long as both ends match and they follow that pattern, it will work). But these are industry-standard specifications so that everyone adheres to them & is always consistent. A(gGoBbObrBR) or B(oOgBbGbrBR) will work in any scenario - the upper case is a solid color, lower case is white with stipes of that color. - 3EXPLAIN PLENUM CABLING-Used in plenum spaces(refers to a space between the actual ceiling and a drop ceiling, so when you have those ceiling tiles, this typically is where cables are run, air ventilation system tends to run in plenum space too)
- Fire safety standard defined by the National Fire Protection Association in specification 90A(NFPA 90A), meaning If you run cabling in the plenum space, it actually has to be
-Fire-retardant plastic(to prevent circulating a lot of toxic smoke with the air ventilation near)
- Uses a low smoke polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and fluorinated ethylene polymer(FEP). so its less prone to catch fire in the first place, but if it does, it produces less smoke
-Less flexible(cabling itself is, may be more difficult to work with)
Either way, if you need to adhere to fire codes, then running cables through the plenum space requires it to be plenum specific cabling - 4EXPLAIN ASPECTS OF TWISTED PAIR CABLING AND STP vs UTP?Twisted Pair Cable:
-Uses balanced pair operation
-Meaning there's differential signaling(means equal but opposite signals travel on each pair member, examining the difference between each signal allows for the receiver to determine what is noise and cancel it
-Less cross talk(which is where the signal traveling down any one wire is actually being picked up a little by another wire, twisted pairs of wires are less susceptible to interference and cross talk)
-Twist Rate(the more tightly you twist them, the better the overall insulation, but also shortens the distance that can be covered the wire the more you twist it)
Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP) Copper Cable - means there really is nothing else to protect the copper core other than plastic sheaths or insulation, has an exterior casing that encompasses all 8 internal wires, and each one of those wires has insulation surrounding it, so susceptible to interference.
Shielded Twisted Pair(STP) Copper Cable
- has a jacket and a shield braid made of metal or foil around each pair and/or all four pairs. provides extra shielding, expensive - 5OVERVIEW OF FIBER OPTIC CABLING & DESIGN?A completely different medium than any kind of copper cabling as it literally
-transmits data by using pulses of light
-results in transmission over great distances(no resistance like copper cables as the pulse of light has no friction, allowing it to travel farther before degrading
-Highly secure data transmission from perspective of physical access to the cable, not really possible to tap into and pick up on the signals as if you do this, you break the cable
-Not affected by electrical or radio interference as it's just a beam of light
-Optical fiber cables are generally very robust(as you need a hollow core through which light can travel, made with plastic or glass that can't break. but more expensive due to this)
Interior: Several layers at work - thin core(only needs to carry pulses of light), then a cladding around that(core & cladding work together in terms of how light travels through the core), coating then adds a barrier so no light can escape, then strength member is purely to strengthen the cable and then outer jack just surrounds everything. - 6EXPLAIN FIBER CABLE DESIGN, MULTI-MODE & SINGLE-MODE?We have a source that is transmitting these light rays.
With the Multi-mode-step index & grades index, the source is something like an LED(regular light that pulses on & off), won't produce a particularly focused beam of light, hence you get refraction(as the light rays travel down in the core, the cladding refracts it back toward the core). Step index gives fairly sharp refractions. The graded index has a little more cladding designed to smooth out the refraction.
-Transmission is cheaper
-less distance
Single-mode usually uses a laser as its source, so a more tightly focused beam, hence there's as minimal refraction as possible. will see more cladding in the single-mode
-travel farther
Considerations for Fiber Cable Use:
-possible surface flaws(handle gently to prevent making sharp bends)
-handling installation stresses(should be at a minimum, run as straight as possible & work with as little as possible)
-Environmental conditions(may suffer from excessive heat)
-Cost vs Performance(more expensive, perform well)
-Distance considerations(multimode=short & single-mode=long) - 7EXPLAIN COAXIAL & TYPES?Commonly used if you have cable internet service or standard cable TV, may also find in a closed-circuit TV system and industry-specific instrumentation will often use the coaxial cable as well.
Interior:
-center conductor(has a solid copper core as the single conductor, unlike UTP which has multiple wires, each containing a copper core, but coaxial is more robust)
- Dielectric(surrounded by this plastic type of insulating material so that any kind of conductivity does not get outside of the core)
- Foil Shield
- Braided Shield(made up of copper wires, very fine & braided together for enhanced protection against electromagnetic interference from the outside)
- Outer jacket(everything is surrounded by)
Coaxial Cable Types:
-RG-6(Radio grade 6 commonly used by cable companies(internet/cable tv), suitable for longer distances and higher bandwidth as it has a larger core than RG-59)
-RG-59(suitable for shorter distances and lower bandwidth, more commonly used as patch cables between devices, smaller core) - 8BENEFITS/LIMITATIONS OF COAXIAL CABLES?Benefits:
-offers multiple channel support(broadband)
-lower error rates than twisted cable as only a single core
-high capacity(in bandwidth)
-rigid design(makes it robust)
Limitations:
-signal leakage(leakage is a little bit of signal that's running on the core being picked up by the braided shield)
-noise from external fields(if noise is too strong, there's an awful lot of shielding in the cable, so any electromagnetic field that does reach the shield, will produce a bit of an electric charge, causing noise)
-Ground loops(maybe the result of the noise, may happen when you have a significant source of power reaching the braided shield, but if flat out is causing some power signal to run down the shielding itself, it can be picked up at the other end as a signal(causing interference)
-These problems typically only resulted in incorrect installations or physical damage to the cable itself, but can still present problems in terms of getting a good clean signal - 9KEY FEATURES OF Cat5 CABLES & SPEED & TRANSMISSION LIMITATIONS?Cat5 & Cat6 are the most common cable types implemented in ethernet LANs.
-Cat5(unshielded cable, 10/100Mbps speeds, 100 MHz frequency, rather slow by today's standards)
-Cat5e(unshielded, 1000 Mbps/1 Gbps, 100 MHz)
As both are unshielded, need to know if something may be close by that's operating at a similar frequency as it may cause problems.
Quality control between Cat5 & Cat5e was different. More stringent regulations around testing & manufacturing of 5e, hence able to carry greater speeds.
Transmission Limitations of:
-Cat5 = only went to 100megabits per second, not ideal for large corporate environments, prone to electromagnetic interference from other devices, prone to cross talk(the signal one wire being picked up by another wire)
-Cat5e = less prone to crosstalk(more stringent manufacturing specifications), price considerations(more expensive), lower performance than new generation cables - 10KEY FEATURES OF Cat5 CABLES & SPEED & TRANSMISSION LIMITATIONS?-Cat6(shielded or unshielded, a base speed of 1000 Mbps/1 Gbps, 250 MHz or higher( less prone to interference as there aren't as many devices or types of other sources of transmission that are operating open that range)
-Cat6A(shielded, 1000 Mbps/10 Gbps, 500 MHz(much more protected against interference and you could get better speeds)
Transmission Limitations of:
- Cat6 = length limited to 55 meters in normal conditions, length limited to 33 meters in adverse conditions
-Cat6 & 6a has installation caveats if the shielding was there(shielding makes it less flexible, susceptible to damage from kings or bends, and possible ground loops due to the shielding(any kind of damage or any kind of connectivity between a contact point and the shielding, can cause ground loops and generate an actual current running down the shielding which may cause problems.
In general 6 and 6A were preferred because of the better transmission rates and the shielding which made it less susceptible to interference - 11EXPLAIN VGA?VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY(VGA) - an old interface(1980s) but still remains common with improvements to the VGA specifications, allowing us to support enhanced resolutions(HD).
-VGA has 15 pins total in three rows of five with the middle row slightly offset, the physical connector is normally blue.
-Primarily aspect of VGA is that it's an analog signal(uses variances in electrical impulses to represent variances in colors (red, green, blue, may refer to as an RGB connection).
-Considerations to the distance you have to go with the cable because it's an analog signal(the longer the cable is the more degraded the signal - may be an issue if trying to connect a cable from your computer to a projector on the ceiling). So you may need some kind of amplifying unit. - 12EXPLAIN DVI?DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE(DVI) - this is a digital interface but also works with analog. Different variances with physical connectors but all to a degree compatible.
- DVI-I(single link), DVI-D(single link)
- DVI-I(dual link) = has 4 extra holes around the horizontal slot, DVI-D(dual link)
-DVI-A)
Eg. you can put the DVI D into the DVI I and those holes simply would not be filled but work only as DVI D(if it fits, it will work at whatever the pin configuration is)
Dual versus single refers to the link (the channel over which data flows).
-Single Link(3.7 Gbps at 60 fps - adequate for most corporate environments)
-Dual Link(7.4 Gbps at 85 fps - better for gaming/3D animators)
-DVI-A(supports analog signals/ backward compatible)
-DVI-D(supports digital signals only)
-DVI-I(I stands for integrated meaning it can support both) - 13EXPLAIN DisplayPorts & HDMI?DisplayPort = A fairly new connector.
-Connects video source to display(carries audio as well)
-Specification defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association(VESA), means it's not propriety so manufacturers don't have to pay any kind of licensing fee to put a display port on their device.
-Uses packetized data transmission(like an Internet network it breaks down into packets and transmits them, can help to even out the flow of transmissions)
-Compatible with DVI and HDMI by using simple adapters.
HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE(HDMI)
- a digital video and audio interface
- digital only, replaces analog standards & not compatible with any analog interface.
- two types of connectors, type A(19pins) & C(19 pins). Both have 19 pens and both have the same specifications in terms of the signal. The difference is Type C is known as a mini HDMI/ for a smaller device - 14EXPLAIN LIGHTING CABLES?- propriety to apple products
- a computer bus and power connector (it can carry both data and power, so synchronizes data with computer & charges as well)
- uses an 8 pin connector which replaced the 30 pin connector of its predecessor
- used to connect iPhones iPads and iPods to other devices(computer for synchronization or wall port to charge)
Very simple physical design, the receptacle is only 8 pins and the end itself has 8 contacts that match on both sides of the cable, meaning you can put it in either way and you will still get connectivity and charge.
Adaptable to various other types of connectors(lightning to micro USB to HDMI for any kind of video output, to SD card reader, to a 30 pin adapter to VGA adapter. - 15EXPLAIN THUNDERBOLT CABLES- Propriety cable type developed by Intel in conjunction with apple
- transmits data and power
- uses a combination of PCI Express and DisplayPort over two separate serial channels to allow for
- Peripheral device connections(can be daisy-chained for up to six devices over a single port)
- Cable length(limited to 3 meters for copper cable & 60 meters for optical)
the physical cable itself is a mini display port connector.
THUNDERBOLT CABLE SPECIFICATIONS(3 versions):
Thunderbolt V1 - 20 pins, mini DisplayPort connector, 10 Gbps per channel x 2 channels(total 20 Gbps)
Thunderbolt V2 - 20 pins, Mini DisplayPort connector, 20 Gbps total throughput aggregated, so can exceed 10Gbps on one channel as long as you don't exceed 20
Thunderbolt V3 - 24 pin configuration that uses USB-C connector, 40 Gbps total throughput(high transfer rages and power device as well - 16EXPLAIN USB CABLES?UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS(USB)
-USB 1.0(V1, 1996), with two variations:
Slow speed(1.5 Mbps, 3 meters)
Full speed(12 Mbps, 5 meters)
Physical connectors had 2 types, Type-A connected to your computer and Type-B to your device, common connection for printers
-USB 2.0(V2, 2000), introduced multiple modifications(USB Type-A & B, Mini A & B, Micro A & B) to the USB package:
High speed(480 Mbps, 5 meters)
type A and type B connectors were backward compatible with USB 1.0.
New connectors emerged(Mini & Micro were significantly smaller)
-USB 3.0(V3, 2008):
Super speed(5 Gbps, 3 meters)
Full duplex communication(can communicate both ways at the same time, improve overall transfer speed)
Type-A implemented five additional pins, Type B was similar with a different configuration. Also, see a Micro-B super speed
-USB-C:
24 pin USB connector(12 on top & bottom + oval shape meant orientation no longer mattered)
USB 3.1(maintained superspeed transfer mode at 5Gbps but also introduced superspeed+ at 10Gbps)
USB 3.2(2 new superspeed+ transfer modes(10Gbps original & 20Gbps throughput when using 3.2) - 17EXPLAIN SERIAL PERIPHERAL CABLES?- This is the transfer of data between devices
- uses serial communication protocol (transmits data one bit at a time)
- primarily use for lower bandwidth devices but over longer distances(because its counterpart, parallel communications, transferred multiple bits at one time, but had timing and synchronization issues with parallel transmissions over long distances)
- communication standards for serial are a little simpler(although you end up with varying transmission distances, but can travel farther & more reliable)
RS-232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION:
- A serial communication(one bit at a time)
- defines communication between a Data Terminal Equipment or DTE(a computer terminal) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment(the end device such as a modem)
-RS-232 standard(defines the signal characteristics from an electrical standpoint so timing and meaning of the signals as well as physical characteristics(pin-out configurations of cables)
- RS-232 serial port(the location where you would connect some peripheral device) - 18RS-232 COMMON CONNECTIONS?Connections that you may use RS-232 that were once a standard feature of most PCs are a: mouse, keyboard, external modem, external storage, uninterrupted power supply(not for transferring power but for configuring the device). Most of these are simple devices that don't need parallel communications(not much data)
Common physical connectors on the device side included:
DB-25 and DB-9(DB = D-sub, turned on its side it, it looks like the letter D. 25 means 25 pins and 9 equals 9 pins.
On the computer, it would typically be a 9 pin to connect to the device.
It should be noted that this type of connection is quite out of date as it has been largely replaced by interfaces such as USB - 19EXPLAIN HARD DRIVE CABLE CONNECTIONS USED FOR STORAGE DEVICES(IDE & SATA)?INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS(IDE):
- used for storage(includes hard drives, CD bums, floppy disc drives)
- the connection was made directly to your motherboard with IDE(meaning this is for internal storage only)
- IDE ribbon cable(what the cable itself was known as. Had 3 connection points(1 connected to the motherboard known as the controller) then you could have 2 devices connected to the same cable(e.g. 2 hard drives))
- 2 Types of IDE cables(34 pin(floppy disk drive) & 40 pin(hard disk drive/CD-ROM))
IDE has been almost entirely superseded by SERIAL AT ATTACHMENT(SATA, AT stands for advanced technology)
- much faster speeds than IDE ever supported & easier to get multiple drives installed(has a dedicated connection to the motherboard with a smaller physical connector so is a lot easier to put multiple Serial ATA connections on the motherboard)
3 Versions(only speed increased, faster than IDE):
SATA Revision 1.0(1.5 Gbps throughput, 1-meter length)
SATA Revision 2.0(3 Gbps throughput, 1-meter length)
SATA Revision 3.0(6 Gbps through put, 1-meter length) - 20EXPLAIN HARD DRIVE CABLE CONNECTIONS USED FOR STORAGE DEVICES(eSATA)?eSATA:
- meant for external connectivity(so you can use the exact same interface for an external drive)
-2-meter length
- users are shielded cable (that has a little more stringent requirements specified by the FCC or CE requirements. So you can increase the distance)
- more stringent specifications on the cable or still backward compatible so you cannot both internal and external Serial ATA connections
- adheres to the same revision specification as SATA(revision 1, 2 & 3 are the same for eSATA) - 21EXPLAIN HARD DRIVE CABLE CONNECTIONS USED FOR STORAGE DEVICES(SCSI)?SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE(SCSI):
-SCSI is just a protocol, the rules for transferring data back & forth
- implemented as a parallel interface
- can have multiple devices supported per cable(8 in total but 1 has to be for the motherboard, increase to 16 in later revisions)
- Internal cables had 50, 68 & 80 pin versions
- External cables has 50, 68 pins, not just used for storage but for other peripheral devices(scanners), came shielded and unshielded
SCSI went through several revisions in several different implementations.
- 2 including serial attached SCSI(still uses SCSI protocol but switches from parallel to serial interface, meaning each device is more controllable on its own & the interface supports up to 128 individual devices so more storage) & fiber channel protocol for SCSI(is the ability to issue SCSI commands over a Fibre Channel network(computers access' storage this way), allows high capacity, fast access)
SCSI is more common in servers, IDE in desktops. - 22EXPLAIN ADAPTERS AND GIVE EXAMPLES?used to connect a device to another device( using a cable or more specifically some kind of interface)
- numerous adapters available and compatible
E.g:
DVI( digital visual interface) to HDMI( high definition multimedia interface) - commonly used for digital video, are compatible with each other and can use a passive adapter(meaning you don't need any kind of power supply or any bulky transition type of unit in between, literally just two different ends on a single cable)
USB to Ethernet - common adapter you would most likely find in newer laptops with solid-state drives, very thin profiles, and lightweight units. It includes that physical RJ-45 connector with a USB end that can simply insert the adapter into the laptop
DVI to VGA - when working with video you can adapt between DVI and VGA, maintaining backward compatibility as DVI still supports analog VGA signals(eg. maybe your video output is only DVI, but the monitor you have is a little over and has VGA, so you can adapt between the two)
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- Learning Technology Specialist (Core 1) CompTIA A+ Fichas sobre Module 13, creado por Chantelle Knight el 10/09/2021.
- Creado por
- Chantelle Knight
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