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theory week 2.2
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- 1reconsolidation research on propranolol, explanation2 spider pics: one paired with a shock (CS+) and one without (CS-). fear potentiated startle (FPS) was measured. on day 2, 3 groups were created:
1. placebo (G1): got placebo before memory reactivation
2. propranolol (G2): got propranolol without memory reactivation (test for nonspecific effects of propranolol)
3. propranolol + reactivation (G3)
day 3: participants saw both photos without a shock.
results: all retained declarative memories of the conditioning procedure. G1 and G2 still showed heightened FPS to CS+, but G3 didn't (--> negative valence can effectively be neutralised by propranolol) - 2was the effect of propranolol long-lasting?yes. further research showed that FPS was not reinstated in any of the following situations:
- giving participants unsignalled shocks
- when stimuli were presented in a different context
- through passage of time
- couldn't be re-conditioned faster than during initial learning (so no savings of the memory trace, no rapid reacquisition) - 3meaning of (memory) reconsolidationmemory reactivation with a labile period, during which previously consolidated memories are sensitive to change, and in need of restabilization
- 4research has shown that reactivation of a memory does not automatically lead to reconsolidation, because it's not sufficient. reconsolidation appears to be dependent on prediction error. what's that?a discrepancy between what is expected and what actually happens
- 5reconsolidation is most reliably induced when reactivation is accompanied by prediction error. there are 2 main types1. temporal prediction error: when reinforcement (e.g. shock) during reactivation happens at a different time (e.g. sooner after the stimulus) to what had been learned during conditioning.
2. contingency prediction error: when reinforcement does not occur within the time frame that would be expected based on learning (e.g. no shock is given for CS+) - 6which conclusion can you draw from research on prediction error?Simply generating a fear response or reactivating a patient’s memory is not only insufficient but also unnecessary for reconsolidation. Instead, reactivation should involve prediction error.
- 7there was a research on negative and positive prediction error and fear potentiated startle. explanationparticipants either received a shock every time the CS was presented (100% reinforcement) or just 1/3 times (33% reinforcement. at reactivation, 3 groups:
1. no prediction error: 100% reinforced before, 100% now
2. negative prediction error: first 100%, now not.
3. positive prediction error: first 33%, now 100%.
then everyone received propranolol (a PSI).
results: both prediction error groups displayed amnesia for conditioned fear (=loss of differential fear potentiated startle), but no prediction error group didn't.
therefore: you need prediction error (not the absence of e.g. the shock) to destabilise conditioned fear memories. - 8conclusion of these researches on reconsolidationWithout reactivation with prediction error, memory is not labilized and made vulnerable to amnestic agents (PSIs; propranolol). However, with extended reactivation and prediction errors, extinction instead of destabilization might occur.
- 93 limitations of reconsolidation researchwe do not know whether there are sufficient parallels between true anxiety disorders and the experimental paradigms:
• Types of memories: almost all research has utilized relatively simplistic, recent, and quite unimportant memories.
• Complexity: real-world anxiety conditions are complex and it is not always easy to establish what type of stimulus would be most reflective of a patient’s core fears.
• Subjective experiences: Although we can observe differences in physiological responses, remarkably little research has considered what the subjective experience of these changes is.
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- university Mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders Fichas sobre theory week 2.2, creado por Sabine - el 14/02/2022.
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