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Learning and Learned Behaviours
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- 1What is Learningis a change in behaviour due to experience. - involves change
-occurs in behaviour
-caused of experience (not maturation or physical modification) - 2Classical Conditioningwas first studied by Ivan Pavlov during his study of digestion in dogs. Experience can change reflex responses.
- 3Innate reflex/response or unconditioned responseis a reflex you are born with. An automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus
- 4Classical conditioning explainedis the processing through which an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus ), which does not elicit a particular reflexive response, comes to elicit a reflexive response (the conditioned response ) as a result of paired with a reflexive stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus which elicits the unconditioned response )
- 5Examples of classical conditioning- advertising
- appetite
-fear and anxiety
-sleep
-taste aversion
-drug taking - 6Subliminal persuasionclaim to condition our unconscious mind in order to change our behaviour. Presented under the liminal. Behaviour change without awareness or effort.
- 7Experimental evidencebest type of evidence. Often randomly assigned to condition or treatment. Can be blind or double blind.
- 8Subliminal conditioningBehaviour change without awareness or effort.
• Some limited evidence for _____ ______: but generally much smaller than supraliminal conditioning effects. - 9Conditioned Emotional responses- responses occur when a formerly neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus evoking emotion.
eg chocolates shaped like poo - 10John Watson ('Little Albert')who thought that our emotional responses to many different things may be the result of classical conditioning
- 11Fear in humans or phobias and conditioning-conditioned fear responses was easier and persisted of certain things like spiders and snakes
-we are biologically prepared to fear certain things
-not all people with phobias have had frightening experiences - 12Fear in humans and treatmentFear is learned both through conditioning and observation and instruction.
Most effective form of treatment is exposure therapy - 13ExtinctionAfter conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimuli, the strength of the conditioned stimulus would reduce
- 14spontaneous recoveryExtinction doesn’t mean that the response is gone for ever. The extinct response can reappear hours or even days later
- 15Limits of classical conditioning- behaviour is complex
-learn by trial and error
-cannot explain goal-directed behaviour
- may not shape behaviour chains - 16Operant conditioning- is a type of learning in which the probability of a consequences
- emitted and characterised by its observable effects of the environment
- involves the modification of voluntary behaviours and delivery of the outcome is dependent on making the response - 17Positive Reinforcementmakes a pleasant event consequent on the production of a specific response
increase response - 18Negative Reinforcementmakes the withdrawal of an aversive event consequent on the production of a specific response
increase response - 19Positive Punishmentmakes an aversive event consequent on the production of a specific response
decrease response
eg angry at someone for que cutting - 20Negative Punishmentmakes the withdrawal of a pleasant event consequent on the production of a specific response.
decrease response
eg take away ipod - 21Operant conditioning techniques
- 22—
- 23Problems with punishment1 if not clear what for
2. classical condition to punishment
3. not eliminate other reinforced outcome
4. effective if immediate
5. > potential for abuse
6. lead to aggression - 24Classical vs Operant Conditioning
- 25Prospective correlational studiestype of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables.
- 26Observational learningcapacity to learn from watching
A classic demonstration of ______ was conducted by Albert and is known as the BoBo doll experiment. It showed that observing violence resulted in increased aggression - 27Observational learning circumstances-Reinforcement is also observed
-The model is liked
-The observer perceives themself to be similar to the model
-The model is salient/obvious
-The behaviour is within the competence of the observer
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- Undergraduate Degree Psychology Behavioural Science Fichas sobre Learning and Learned Behaviours, creado por Shess 21 el 14/11/2022.
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- Shess 21
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