Fichas
Plasticity
Fichas del conjunto (58)
- 1what is step in brain development?1) Ectoderm transforms into neural plate
2) edge of neural plates thicken - forms neural groove
3) neural grooves closes = formation of neural tube - 2what does the forward part of neural tube becomehind, mid and fore-brain
- 3what does the rest of the neural tube become?spinal cord
- 4what does the cavity become?central part of spinal cord + brain ventricles
- 5what are the 5 stages of neuron development?1) proliferation
2) migration
3) differentiation
4) myelination
5) synaptogenesis - 6what is proliferation?production of new cells
- 7what is migration?movement to target destinations
- 8what is differentiation?formation of axon and dendrites
- 9what is myelination?Glia produces myelin (thick coating around the axon)
- 10what is Synaptogenesisformation of new synapses
- 11describe the process of proliferationcells lining the ventricle divides:
stems cells
glia
primitive neurons - 12describe the process of migrationradial Glia released first - sends out scaffold for neurons
chemicals guide cells to their target (immunoglobulins + chemokines)
early = centre of brain
later cells moves outwards - 13what did Sperry (1943) find?neurons connected to a specific target
- 14how do neurons find their waychemo-attraction
- 15describe the process of differentiationprimitive neurons form axon + dendrites = specialised cells
- 16describe the process of myelinationglia produce fatty myelin sheaths axon
- 17what cause myelination to be interrupted?social isolation
- 18describe the process of synaptogenesisbegins before birth and continue throughout life
synapses that are used are strengthened - 19what happens to synapses that are not used?they are pruned from 12-18 months
- 20which synapses survive?when neurons reach target, synapses onto many cells
only appropriate synapses survive - 21what did Carla Shatz 1991 find?lateral geniculate nucleus neurons select groups of retinal which are active simulataneously = LGN organisation
- 22what is nerve growth factor?type of neurotrophin
released by muscles to promote survival + growth of of neurons in SNS - 23what happens without Nerve growth factor?apoptosis = cell death
- 24what increases in early childhood?grey matter (cell bodies)
- 25what decreases with age ?volume = becomes more dense
- 26what does an increase in white matter (axons) cause?more connectivity in brain regions
- 27what happens to the brain in response to experience?can re-organise itself (but this is limited)
- 28what indicates new connections?gain + loss of spines
- 29what occurs from enriched environments:thicker cortex, more dendritic branches + improved learning
- 30when is the brain most reponsive to inputcritical period
- 31Ischemiablockage of blood vessels
- 32Haemorrhageruputure of blood vessels
- 33oedemaaccumulation of fluid = increased pressure
- 34what happens when there's excess sodium?release of glutamate, overstimulates neurons = damage to synapses + neurons
- 35what does microglia do?removes dead neurons + supply neurotrophins
- 36what is diaschisis?decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other
- 37what takes over vacant synapses?collateral sprouts
- 38how can behaviour be resored?if the sprouting axon show similar info as previous axon
- 39what is supersensitivity?increased neuron responsivity due to inactivity elsewhere
- 40what happens after limb amputation?collateral sprouting + increased responses after loss of input to somasensory cortex
areas representing face expands to vacant space - 41phantom limb syndromeafter re-organisation when the neuron is activated it can feel like the arm is stimulated
- 42where is regrowth of axon possible?peripheral nervous system
- 43what is re-organisation a response to?huge experiences e.g., sensory loss + expertise
- 44what is lateralisation?each hemisphere of the brain controls slightly different functions
- 45functions of left hemisphereright side of the body
right visual field
stronger auditory info from right ear
left olfactory bulb - 46function of right hemisphereleft side of body
left visual field
stronger auditory info from left ear
right olfactory bulb - 47what is done to the corpus callosum for epilepsy treatmentit is cut
- 48split brain patientslanguage laterialised to the left hemisphere
= patient can only name object in right visual field - 49what happens to the corpus callosum patients?might have difficulties processing emotions + social information
- 50what is broca's aphasia?impairment to language production
but language comprehension is usually good - 51what difficulty arise for those with broca's aphasia?difficulty understanding the same kinds of words they omit
- 52what is Broca's area critical ofr?understanding all aspects of grammar
- 53what is wernicke's aphasia?impaired language comphrension + impaired ability to remember object name
- 54which hemisphere is specialised for all emotionsright
- 55which area process experience + expression of negative emotionsfrontal regions
- 56what areas associated with behavioural inhibitionfrontal regions
- 57what area is linked to behvaioural activationleft frontal
- 58what function is right hemisphere important for?spatial functions
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- Fichas sobre Plasticity , creado por Derleisha Blackwood el 24/11/2023.
- Creado por
- Derleisha Blackwood
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