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Classical and operant conditioning: Pavlov, Thorndike
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- 1LeaningA relatively permanent change in behaviour due to our experiences e.g learning to talk.
- 2Classical conditioningThis is learning through association.
- 3Pavlov's studyAim: Pavlov was study digestion in dog's. he was not originally planning to do this study.
Method: Whenever Pavlov would give the dog some food it would salivate. Pavlov would then ring a bell whenever he went to give the dog some food.
Results: Pavlov found that after a while the dog would salivate when the bell was rung even if there was no dog food present.
Conclusion: People and animals can be classically conditioned into associating something with something else. - 4classical conditioning scheduleunconditioned stimulus: food
unconditioned response: salivation
natural stimulus: bell
conditioned stimulus: bell
conditioned response: salivation - 5Generalisation: when the response is widened to a similar stimuli. Discrimination: when the response is narrowed to only one stimulus.Extinction: when the response to the stimuli dies out.
Spontaneous recovery: when after extinction occurs, the response to the stimulus suddenly reappears. - 6Watson and Rayner's studyAim: To see if a feared response to something could be classically conditioned.
Method: 11 month old Albert really liked rats and other fluffy animals or objects. When Albert was with the rat after Watson and Rayner would bang a hammer behind and that scared him.
Results: After the study Albert would be really scared when around rats or other fluffy things. He would even start to cry.
Conclusion: a feared response can be classically conditioned. - 7Watson and Rayner's study - evaluationTheir study is very unethical as it caused Albert a lot of distress and after the study Albert could not be around anything fluffy - he would even get scared at a Santa beard.
The study did prove that a feared response could be classically conditioned. - 8Operant conditioningThis is learning through consequence.
- 9Thorndike's study
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