Chapter 27 Flashcards

Pregunta	Respuesta
The mind-body problem	Dualists and monists
Schizophrenia	Delusions, disorganized speech, behaviour and blunted emotions
Structural abnormalities in schizophrenic brains	Lighter, enlarged ventricles, reduced number of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and abnormal structure in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
Biochemical abnormalities in schizophrenia	Dopamine, glutamate and GABA
Acute schizophrenia	Type I - positive symptoms, responsive to neuroleptics.
Chronic schizophrenia	Type II - negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia and development	Develops during late adolescence and is a combination of genes and environment.
Assessment and schizophrenia	Poor performance on long term verbal/non verbal memory and poor frontal lobe functioning.
Clinical depression	Feelings of worthlessness, behavioural slowing.
Mania	Excessive euphoria, hyperactivity.
Bipolar disorder	Periods of depression and mania.
Neurochemical aspects of depression	Reduction of monoamines, brain derived neurotrophic factors, oversecretion of cortisol
Fluoxetine	Stimulates BDNF and neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
Brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF)	Down regulated by stress and affects functioning of monoamine synapses.
Hypothalamic-adrenal system (HPA axis)	Oversecretion of cortisol creates chronic stress.
Decreased activity in dorsolateral and medial prefrontal regions	Occurs in depression, causes reduced memory and attention.
Increased activity in orbital regions	Occurs in depression. Inhibits amygdala activity and breaks persistent negative thoughts.
Increased activity in amygdala	Occurs in depression and increases HPA axis activity.
Increased activity in medial thalamus	Occurs in depression
Sleep cycle	Occurs in depression, altered due to lowered serotonin levels.
Thyroid hormone	Occurs in depression, decrease in production may influence mood.
Neurobiological aspects of bipolar disorder	Decrease in grey matter in the temporal lobe and cerebellum.
Sensitization model	Bipolar patients are sensitive to stress and drugs. There is a link between psychomotor stimulants and mania.
Kaplan and colleagues	Mood symptoms are related to errors in metabolism and gene expression and long latency effects of nutritional abnormalities.
Psychiatric symptoms of cerebral vascular disease	Post stroke patients experience depression, generalized anxiety disorder, catastrophic reaction and pathological affect
Psychosurgery	Destruction of a region of the brain to alleviate psychiatric symptoms.
Neurosurgery	Brain surgery intended to repair damage to alleviate symptoms.
Egas Moniz	Prefrontal lobotomy
Modern psychosurgery	On smaller lesions, rarely performed and does not replace abnormal activity with normal activity.
Hyperkinetic	Increase motor activity
Hypokinetic	Loss of movement
Huntington's chorea	Intellectual deterioration and abnormal movements. There is reduction of activity and a restriction of interest.
Movements in Huntington's chorea	Entail whole limbs, irregular.
Behavioural symptoms of Huntington's chorea	Personality changes, bipolar and schizophrenic like psychoses.
Brain abnormalities in Huntington's chorea	Shrinkage of the cortex, atrophy of the basal ganglia, imbalance in GABA and ACh, poor performance on memory and frontal lobe tests.
Stages of Tourette's syndrome	Multiple tics, inarticulate cries are added then articulate words (echolalia/coprolalia)
Echolalia	Repeating what others say
Coprolalia	Obscene or lewd speech.
Tourette's syndrome	Age of onset is 2-15, not associated with neuroses, psychoses or other disorders. Abnormalities in cognitive functions - RH.
Subcortical origin of Tourette's syndrome	Small cells in the basal ganglia
Treatment of Tourette's syndrome	Antidopaminergic drugs, norepinephrine receptor agonists.
Parkinson's disease	Degeneration of the substantia nigra and loss of dopamine.
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease	Rigidity, tremor, akinesia, postural disturbances.
Akinesia	Loss of voluntary activity.
Positive symptoms of Parkinson's disease	Resting tremor, muscular rigidity (cogwheel) and involuntary movements.
Akathesia	Cruel restlessness, positive symptom of Parkinson's.
Oculogyric crisis	Involuntary turns of the head and eyes to the side, positive symptom of Parkinson's.
Negative symptoms of Parkinson's disease	Disorders of posture (fixation, equilibrium), righting, locomotion (festination) and speech.
Festination	Involuntary quickening of gait.
Progression of Parkinsonism	Begins with tremors in the hand, face becomes mask like. Progresses over 10-20 years, on again off again.
Idiopathic causes of Parkinson's	Familial or viral origin.
Postencephalitic causes of Parkinson's	Occurs after encephalitis.
Drug induced causes of Parkinson's	Heroin, major tranquilizers or environmental toxins.
Cause of Parkinson's	Depletion of dopamine.
Treatment of Parkinson's disease	Physical and pharmacological therapy, stem cell research and deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Pharmacological therapy in Parkinson's	Increases dopamine function and blocks cholinergic system.
Cognitive functions of Parkinson's disease	Behavioural slowing, symptoms similar to frontal/basal ganglia lesions. Also impaired on the WAIS
WAIS	Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale
Dementia	Memory and other cognitive deficits, impairment in social and occupational functioning.
Degenerative dementias	Intrinsic to the nervous system, affects CNS selectively.
Nondegenerative dementias	Diverse etiologies
Alzheimer's disease	Most prevalent form of dementia
Neuritic plaques	Found in the cortex during Alzheimer's cognitive decline. Amyloid surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments.
Paired helical filaments	Found in the cortex and hippocampus during Alzheimer's.
Neocortical changes in Alzheimer's	Shrinkage of the cortex that is not uniform.
Paralimbic cortex changes in Alzheimer's	Degeneration of the limbic system and entorhinal cortex
Cell changes in Alzheimer's disease	Shrinking of neurons and loss of dendritic aborzations.
Neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimer's	Reduction in two or more transmitter systems - ACh, noradrenaline, DA, 5HT and glutamate receptors.
Putative causes of Alzheimer's disease	Genetics, trace metals, immune reactions, blood flow and abnormal proteins.
Trace metals and Alzheimer's	Increased concentration of aluminum
Immune reactions and Alzheimer's	Antibrain antibodies that cause neuronal degeneration.
Blood flow and Alzheimer's	Decrease in blood flow to the brain.
Abnormal proteins and Alzheimer's	Increase production of abnormal proteins that accumulate in the brain.

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