428635
Description
Mind Map by andreaarose, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by andreaarose
over 10 years ago
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Sensory systems
- Sensory system function
- Sensory receptors
- Specialized cells that
convert sensory energy
into neural activity
- Receptors are
energy filters
- Respond only to a
narrow band of energy
- Respond only to a
narrow band of energy
- Specialized cells that
convert sensory energy
into neural activity
- Transduction of energy
- Vision
- Light is converted
to chemical energy
- Uses photoreceptors
- Light is converted
to chemical energy
- Audition
- Air pressure waves are converted
into mechanical energy, activating
auditory receptor cells
- Air pressure waves are converted
into mechanical energy, activating
auditory receptor cells
- Somatosensory
- Mechanical energy
activates mechanoreceptors
- Mechanical energy
activates mechanoreceptors
- Taste and olfaction
- Chemical molecules in the
air and food fit into receptors
- Chemical molecules in the
air and food fit into receptors
- Pain
- Tissue damage releases a chemical
that acts like a neurotransmitter to
activate pain fibers
- Tissue damage releases a chemical
that acts like a neurotransmitter to
activate pain fibers
- Vision
- Receptive fields
- Identify change
and constancy
- Rapidly adapting receptors
- Detect when something is there
- Easily activated but stops
responding quickly
- Easily activated but stops
responding quickly
- Detect when something is there
- Slowly adapting receptors
- Adapts more slowly to stimulation
- Adapts more slowly to stimulation
- Rapidly adapting receptors
- Locate sensory events
- Part of the world to
which a sensory
receptor responds
- Provides "unique views"
for each sensory system
- Part of the world to
which a sensory
receptor responds
- Distinguishes
self from other
- Exteroceptive
- Receptors that respond to external stimuli
- Receptors that respond to external stimuli
- Interoceptive
- Receptors that respond to internal stimuli
- Helps interpret meaning
of external stimuli
- Receptors that respond to internal stimuli
- Optic flow
- Stimulus configuration
or visual information
when we run
- Stimulus configuration
or visual information
when we run
- Auditory flow
- Changes in intensity of a
sound b/c of changing
location
- Changes in intensity of a
sound b/c of changing
location
- Exteroceptive
- Identify change
and constancy
- Neural relays
- Message modification
occurs here
- Gating
- Inhibition of sensory
information
- Can be produced by
descending signals
from the cortex
- Inhibition of sensory
information
- Gating
- Allow sensory interactions
- Sensory information gets
modified by competing
signals from other senses
- McGurke effect
- Audio of one sound is paired with
the visual of another sound, leading
to the perception of a third sound.
- Audio of one sound is paired with
the visual of another sound, leading
to the perception of a third sound.
- McGurke effect
- Sensory information gets
modified by competing
signals from other senses
- Message modification
occurs here
- Central organization
of sensory systems
- Sensory information is
encoded by action potentials
- Presence of a stimulus
encoded by changes in the
discharge rate of the neuron
- Changes encode stimulus intensity
- Qualitative changes encoded
by activity in different neurons
- Changes encode stimulus intensity
- How to do we perceive touch
as different from sound?
- Sensations are produced in
distinct cortical regions
- Each sensory
system has distinct
wiring
- Synthesia
- Mixing of the senses
- Mixing of the senses
- Each sensory
system has distinct
wiring
- Learns from experience
- Sensations are produced in
distinct cortical regions
- Sensory information is
encoded by action potentials
- Sensory systems are
composed of subsystems
- Vision
- Frontal eye fields
- Eye movements
- Eye movements
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Daily rhythms - sleep, feeding
- Daily rhythms - sleep, feeding
- Pretectum
- Changes in pupil size in response to light
- Changes in pupil size in response to light
- Pineal gland
- Long term circadian rhythms
- Long term circadian rhythms
- Superior colliculus
- Head orienting
- Head orienting
- Accessory optic nucleus
- Eye movement to compensate
for head movement
- Eye movement to compensate
for head movement
- Visual cortex
- Pattern perception, depth perception and color vision
- Pattern perception, depth perception and color vision
- Receptor density
determines sensitivity
- Higher density of sensory
receptors leads to increased
sensitivity
- Two point sensitivity
- Ability to recognize the
presence of two pencil
points close together
- Ability to recognize the
presence of two pencil
points close together
- Fovea
- Increased density
of cone cells
- Can colour
discriminate in
bright light
- Increased density
of cone cells
- Peripheral
retina
- Increased density
of rod cells
- Increased sensitivity for light
- Increased density
of rod cells
- Higher density of sensory
receptors leads to increased
sensitivity
- Frontal eye fields
- Topographic organization
- Neural spatial
representation of the
body or the world
- One primary cortical area
- Secondary areas
- Perform specific aspects
of the sensory modality
- Perform specific aspects
of the sensory modality
- Secondary areas
- Neural spatial
representation of the
body or the world
- Vision
- Sensory receptors
- Senses
- Vision
- Bipolar cells
- Synapse with
rods and cones
- Sends information
to ganglion cells
- Synapse with
rods and cones
- Ganglion cells
- Send axons to the brain
- Axons form the optic nerve
- Axons form the optic nerve
- Send axons to the brain
- Visual pathways
- Geniculostriate pathway
- Optic nerves leave the eye
and cross at the optic chiasm
- Right half of each eye's
visual field is transmitted
to the LH etc.
- Next path relays through
the lateral geniculate
nucleus of the thalamus
- LGN projects to the
primary visual cortex
- V1 contains a retinoptic
map of the visual field
- Helps with pattern
recognition and conscious
visual functions
- Helps with pattern
recognition and conscious
visual functions
- V1 contains a retinoptic
map of the visual field
- LGN projects to the
primary visual cortex
- Next path relays through
the lateral geniculate
nucleus of the thalamus
- Right half of each eye's
visual field is transmitted
to the LH etc.
- Optic nerves leave the eye
and cross at the optic chiasm
- Tectopulvinar pathway
- Optic nerve leaves the eye
to the superior colliculus
- Reaches visual areas in the temporal
and parietal lobes through relays in
the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex
of the thalamus
- Detects stimuli and
helps orient us to stimuli
- Detects stimuli and
helps orient us to stimuli
- Reaches visual areas in the temporal
and parietal lobes through relays in
the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex
of the thalamus
- Optic nerve leaves the eye
to the superior colliculus
- Geniculostriate pathway
- Bipolar cells
- Hearing
- Auditory receptors
- Detect the frequency,
amplitude and complexity
of air pressure waves
- Frequency
- Pitch
- Pitch
- Amplitude
- Loudness
- Loudness
- Complexity
- Timbre
- Timbre
- Frequency
- Detect the frequency,
amplitude and complexity
of air pressure waves
- Divisions of
the human ear
- Outer ear
- Pinna and external ear canal
- Pinna and external ear canal
- Middle ear
- Eardrum and the ossicles
- Ossicles = hammer,
anvil and stirrup
- Ossicles = hammer,
anvil and stirrup
- Eardrum and the ossicles
- Inner ear
- Oval window and cochlea
- Cochlea
- Hair cells
- Sensory receptor cells
- Sensory receptor cells
- Basilar membrane
- Organ of Corti
- Hair cells
- Cochlea
- Oval window and cochlea
- Outer ear
- Tonotopic theory
- Different points on the basilar
membrane and the cortex represent
different sound frequencies
- Different points on the basilar
membrane and the cortex represent
different sound frequencies
- Auditory pathways
- Axons of hair cells form the auditory nerve
- Projects nuclei in the hindbrain
- Axons project to the inferior
colliculus then to the medial
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
- Splits into the primary and
secondary auditory cortex
- Splits into the primary and
secondary auditory cortex
- Axons project to the inferior
colliculus then to the medial
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
- Projects nuclei in the hindbrain
- Axons of hair cells form the auditory nerve
- Auditory receptors
- Taste and smell
- Taste buds
- Sweet
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter
- Bitter
- Salty
- Sour
- Sweet
- Smell receptors
- The olfactory
epithelium (receptor
surface) is made of:
- Receptor hair cells
- Supporting cells
- Receptor hair cells
- The olfactory
epithelium (receptor
surface) is made of:
- Taste and smell pathways
- Gustatory pathway
- Cranial nerves 9, 10, 7 leave the
tongue and enter the solitary tract
- Projects to SI and SII via the ventral posterior
medial nucleus of the thalamus
- Projects to the amygdala and the lateral hypothalamus
- Projects to SI and SII via the ventral posterior
medial nucleus of the thalamus
- Cranial nerves 9, 10, 7 leave the
tongue and enter the solitary tract
- Olfactory pathway
- Axons of olfactory receptor relays
synapse in the olfactory bulb
- Sends projections to the pyriform cortex,
the amygdala and entorhinal cortex
- Pyriform cortex projects to the
orbitofrontal cortex via the
dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
- Pyriform cortex projects to the
orbitofrontal cortex via the
dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
- Sends projections to the pyriform cortex,
the amygdala and entorhinal cortex
- Axons of olfactory receptor relays
synapse in the olfactory bulb
- Gustatory pathway
- Taste buds
- Vision
- Body senses
- Major somatosensory
submodalities
- Nocioception
- Ability to feel pain
- Ability to feel pain
- Hapsis
- Perception and manipulation
of objects with touch
- Perception and manipulation
of objects with touch
- Proprioception
- Position of the body
in movement
- Position of the body
in movement
- Balance
- Somatosensory cortex (SI)
- Wilder Penfield
- Stimulated the SI and
topographically mapped it
- Stimulated the SI and
topographically mapped it
- Homunculus
- Larger areas = higher sensitivity
- Larger areas = higher sensitivity
- Wilder Penfield
- Nocioception
- Major somatosensory
submodalities
- Vestibular system
- Located in the
inner ear
- Consists of the semicircular
canals and the otolith organs
- Contains hair cells that bend when we move
- Contains hair cells that bend when we move
- Consists of the semicircular
canals and the otolith organs
- Allows us to perceive our
motion and maintain balance
- Vestibular
system pathway
- Hair cells project to the
auditory nerve to nuclei in
the brainstem
- Connections to the midbrain and cerebellum
- Connections to the midbrain and cerebellum
- Hair cells project to the
auditory nerve to nuclei in
the brainstem
- Located in the
inner ear
- Perception
- Experience of
transduction of
sensory stimuli
- Influenced
by context
- Influenced
by context
- Experience of
transduction of
sensory stimuli
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