446442
Description
Flashcards by andreaarose, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by andreaarose
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Motor system | Functions to move the body. |
| Neocortex | Consists of the posterior cortex, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex and primary motor cortex. |
| Posterior cortex | Specify movement goals and send information to the prefrontal cortex |
| Prefrontal cortex | Generates plans for movement |
| Premotor cortex | Recognizes movement of others and selects similar or different actions |
| Primary motor cortex | Executes movements. |
| Wilder Penfield | Produced movement in different areas of the body by stimulating the precentral gyrus, As many as 10 homunculi in the motor and premotor cortices |
| Mirror neurons | Neurons that fire when we see others make a movement, can be used for imitating others’ actions, can “fill in the blanks” when part of a movement is absent |
| Brainstem | Controls movements for eating, sexual behaviour standing upright, coordinated limb movements for swimming and walking. |
| Basal ganglia | Input from the cortex, including the motor cortex, and limbic cortex, and the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. Output to the motor cortex and substantia nigra |
| Huntington's chorea | Destroys cells in the caudate putamen, results in involuntary and exaggerated movements. Disorder of the basal ganglia. |
| Tourette's syndrome | Related to damage to the caudate putamen, results in unwanted tics and vocalizations. Disorder of the basal ganglia. |
| Hyperkinetic symptoms | Involuntary movements. |
| Parkinson's disease | Loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra and their input to the basal ganglia, results in muscular rigidity and difficulty initiating and performing movements. Disorder of the basal ganglia. |
| Hypokinetic symptoms | Difficulty making movements. |
| Pathways of basal ganglia | Excitatory and inhibitory pathways that project to the internal part of the globus pallidus (GPi) |
| Globus pallidus (GPi) | Projects to the thalamus, and the thalamus projects to the cortex, influences the thalamic projection |
| Globus pallidus and inhibition | If GPi is inhibited the thalamus will excite the cortex. If GPi is excited it will inhibit the thalamus |
| Parkinson's disease and the globus pallidus | Excessive activity of GPi, creating decreased movement. Destruction or stimulation of GPi is a treatment for Parkinson’s disease |
| Cerebellum | Participates in acquiring and maintaining motor skills. Contains about half of all the neurons in the entire nervous system. |
| Flocculus | A small lobe, projects from the ventral surface of the cerebellum. Takes part in balance. |
| Damage to the cerebellum | A loss of timing in movement and perception and problems with movement accuracy |
| Thatch and colleagues | Examination of movement accuracy and motor learning |
| Corticobulbar tract | Major projection from the cortex to the brainstem, controls facial muscles, and takes part in controlling facial movements |
| Corticospinal tract | Also pyramidal tract, major projection from the cortex to the spinal cord, controls movement of the limbs and body |
| Corticospinal tract pathways | 95% of the fibers descending from each hemisphere decussate in the brainstem, producing the lateral and the ventral corticospinal tract |
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