Fichas
Week 4 - Learning
Fichas del conjunto (42)
- 1What is learning?Central issue in “behaviourist perspective”
- 2BehaviourismJohn B. Watson
Environmental stimuli --> Learning --> behaviour - 3Radical Behaviourism–‘Organisms tend to repeat responses
that lead to positive outcomes and
tend not to repeat responses that
lead to negative outcomes’
(B.F. Skinner) - 4Learning?any enduring change in the way an
organism responds, based on its experiences - 5Examples?• Change or adaptation in behaviour
• Endures over time
• Necessary for survival in a changing
environment - 6How is it measured?Learning cannot be observed directly.
It is inferred from behaviour that is observed. - 7Diff between psychology and neuroscience?Psychology investigates behavior;
Behavioral neuroscience investigates
behaviour AND its brain mechanisms - 8Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning?learning through association
- 9Operant (Instrumental) conditioningis
learning through consequences - 10History of Classical Conditioning?Ivan Pavlov
Studied the digestive system of dogs
Nobel Prize for science of behavior - 11Classic conditioning terminology?1. Unconditioned stimulus (US)
2. Unconditioned Response (UR)
3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
4. Conditioned Response (CR) - 12Unconditioned stimulus?the stimulus in classic conditioning that elicits a UNLEARNED response (FOOD)
- 13Unconditioned response?an UNLEARNED response to a stimulus -response occurs naturally (DOG SALIVATING)
- 14Conditioned stimulus?the previously neutral stimulus that is associated with the unconditioned stimulus (TUNING FORK)
- 15Conditioned response?the response elicited by conditioned stimulus (DOG SALIVATING)
- 16Pavlov's dog?
- 17Before conditioning...US --> UR
CS --> - 18During conditioning...CS + US Pairings
- 19After conditioning...BOTH US and CS elicit the response
CR may differ in latency and magnitude from UR - 20Conditioning is poorer when...?CS doesn't precede US
- 21Simultaneous: CS US; CS US...?Little to none
- 22Backward? US --> CS, US --> CSNone
- 23CS occurs sometimes WITHOUT US? CS --> US, CS --> , CS --> US, CS --> ,Weaker
- 24US occurs sometimes WITHOUT CS CS --> US, US, CS --> US, US,Weaker
- 25What is biological preparedness?Some stimulu & responses are more likely to be conditioned than others
- 26Classic conditioning of emotional responses?Response conditioned to one stimulus --> organism may respond to a similar one (generalisation) but not to a dissimilar one (discrimination)
- 27Classic conditioning experiment?Little Albert
- 28Operant (Instrumental) conditioning?Thorndike Puzzle Box
- 29Edward ThorndikeStudied cats in puzzle boxes
- 30Law of effect?* Behaviour is controlled by its consequences
* Behaviours resulting in pleasant consequences --reinforcement-- will be more likely in the future
* Behaviours that result in unpleasant consequences --punishment-- will be less likely in the future - 31BF SkinnerSystematic investigation of Thorndike's ideas
Scientific design of environments that shape behaviour --> Skinner box - 32Examples showed?Learning/training via consequence was possible
could be controlled and manipulated
Number of important components - 33Operant conditioning: ReinforcementReinforcement -- always increases likelihood of a behaviour
- 34Two types of reinforcement: Positive and negativePositive - increases behaviour by adding something 'good'
- increases behaviour by removing something 'bad' - 35Two types of punishment: positive and negativePositive punishment - decreases a behaviour by adding something 'bad'
Negative - decreases a behaviour by removing something 'good' - 36Operant conditioning
- 37Operant conditioning
- 38Schedules of reinforcement concept?Learning is based around reward frequency and allocation
Two different type: intervals and ratios - 39IntervalsSchedules based on time
ie. rewards provided after a certain period of time - 40RatiosSchedules based on number of responses
ie. rewards provided after a certain number of responses - 41Examples?
- 42Key learnng principles
Información
- Descripción
- PYB100 - Introduction to Psychology Fichas sobre Week 4 - Learning , creado por Ramisa Raya el 29/10/2016.
- Creado por
- Ramisa Raya
- Visitas
- 0
- Historial
-
- Creado por Ramisa Raya · 29 oct 2016
- Copiado por Ramisa Raya · 29 oct 2016
- Valoración
Más sobre Classical and operant conditioning