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Newburn - control theory
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- 1control theories which focus on the presence or absence of controlsas the key variable in explaining deviance
- 2controls as a substantive phenomenonthe sanctions that are, or could be, brought to bear on deviant activity
- 3the element of all theories of deviance that deals with the question of controlwhether explicit or otherwise
- 4Reiss argued, delinquency results when there is a relative absence of internalized norms and rules governing behaviour in conformity with the norms of the social system to which legal penalties are attacheda breakdown in previously established controls, and/or a relative absence of or conflict in social rules or techniques for enforcing such behaviour in the social groups or institutions of which the person is a member
- 5Lilly et al, 2002 - Reiss's view was clearly influenced by the social disorganisation traditionbreakdown of controls under particular social conditions as being the basis for understanding crime
- 6Reiss's observation study - court records of over 1,000 young white males on probationjuveniles diagnosed psychiatrically as having 'weak ego or superego controls' were more likely to have their probation revoked
- 7poor attendance at school was also associated with...low levels of success on probation
- 8Reckless's primary focus was on the question of why, given all the opportunities and pressures towards deviance in the modern world, the primary response remained conformityindividuals are subjected to varying forces of influences, and that some of these push people towards crime
- 9despite the apparently abiquitous pushes and pulls toward crime that exist in modern societymany people appear 'immune' or 'resistant'. These protective factors Reckless called 'inner containment' and 'outer containment'
- 10INNER CONTAINMENTself concept, goal-orientation, frustration tolerance, norm-retention
- 11self-conceptpossible existence of an image of oneself as law-abiding and obedient is something that will tend to insulate individuals against deviance
- 12Goal-orientationlegitimate goals as well as aspirations that are realistic will tend to lead toward conformity
- 13frustration tolerancedifferent capacities for copying with socially induced frustration
- 14norm-retentionadherence to, commitment to, acceptance of, identification with, legitimation of, defence values, norms, laws, codes, institutions and customs
- 15Matza and Sykes built on existing strain theory'neutralisation techniques' were used to justify and legitimise deviant activity
- 16during adolescence and early adulthoodgenerally diminishing thereafter despite, presumably, continuing pressures pushing in that direction
- 17neutralisation as a means of understanding how social norms could be abandoned on a temporary basis, thus allowing deviant activity to be undertakenview continues to adhere to important social norms, but has techniques that allow this adherence to be temporarily, indeed fleetingly, suspended
- 18Matza's concerned was withsimilarity and freedom
- 19idea of drift is intended to capture situations where controls have loosened making it easier for the person concerned to be influenced by social forces - be they criminal or conventionalthose who have been granted the potentiality for freedom through the loosening of social controls but who lack the position, capacity, or inclination to become agents of their own behalf, call 'drifters', and it is in this category juvenile delinquents are placed
- 20Social bond theory - Hirschi, 1969all subject to animalistic impluses
- not that delinquents and criminals alone are animals, but that we all naturally capable of committing criminal acts - 21such views became less acceptable and fashionablein the end, Hirschi argues, the question 'why do they do it?' is not a question that control theory is designed to answer, the important question is 'why don't we do it?'
- 22deviance occurs when an individuals bond to societyis weak or broken (1969)
- 23control theory began with the assumption that man is essentially amoralHirschi argued for control theory, 'merely assumes variation in morality: For some men, considerations of morality are important, for others they are not'
- 241. attachment (of all four elements in Hirschi model, attachment has been treated as being the most important)'essence of internalization of norms, conscience, or superego thus lies in the attachment of the individual to others'
' if a person does not care about the wishes or expectations of other people - then he is to that extent not bound by the norms. he is free to deviate' - 252. commitment (Toby refers to as our 'stake in conformity')investment of time, energy, etc. people put into activities, weigh up the investment, indicative of our commitment to the conventional social order
- 263. Involvement (links here with Matza and Sykes arguments about delinquency and leisure-orientated values)assertion that being heavily involved in conventional, non-deviant, activities will most likely serve to insulate people from deviance
- 274. Belief (this element of control theory makes explicit the assumption that there is a common value system in society)strength of our commitment to particular beliefs, we may be commonly attached to various cultural goals, but we will not all be equally attached to them. 'that there is variation in the extent to which people believe they should obey the rules of society, and, furthermore, that the less a person believes he should obey the rules, the more likely he is to violate them. Distinguishing himself from Sykes and Matza who argued that techniques of neutralisation were necessary in order to release individuals from the controls exercised by beliefs in social norms
- 28Hirschi's theory was tested using a self-report survey of 4,000 Californian high school pupils, together with an analysis of school records - he found little evidence of social class effect and few racial differences among the samplecontrolling for such factors he found, young people reporting strong attachment to parents reported fewer acts of delinquency than those reporting less strong attachment
- 29might explain offending as a result of close attachment to delinquent peers and othersinvolved in deviant activity
- 30criticism - focus may lead to oppressive and repressive policy responsesincreasing controls, restraints and prohibitions, control theory raises important normative questions about how much intervention is appropriate
- 31suggestion that some control theory overstates its ability to explain the matter at hand: crimeapproach as a 'general theory' ignores the claims of other approaches such as differential association, strain, anomie and other factors
- 32argued that control theory is not a theory of crime causation at allsome critics all control theory is able to do is to explain the conditions that make crime a possibility rather than an actuality
- 33may direct attention away from deeper more intractable, but at least as important, factors in the aetiology of crime, such as social inequalitycontrol theory tends to underplay the role of social structures and deeper social controls in the explanation of criminality
- 34Currie 'fallacy of autonomy', assumption 'what goes on inside the family can usefully be separated from the forces that affect it from outside: the larger social context in which families are embedded for better or worse', 1985helps little in the job of explaining why people engage in particular forms of deviant activity rather than others
- 35Downes and Rock observe, 'control theorists make fat too little of both deviance and conformity'slightly deterministic in some control theory - the implication that without particular controls or inhibitors crime is inevitable
- 36a philosophical question - are we by nature predisposed to deviance unless held in check, or are we propelled into deviant activity by forces beyond out controlassumptions of control theory are contestable
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- Criminology Fichas sobre Newburn - control theory , creado por vicky_hunt el 03/04/2014.
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