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Psychology - Developmental
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- 1Define attachment.An enduring, two-way, emotional tie to another person
- 2Types of caregiver-infant interactions• Bodily Contact
• Mimicking
• Caregiverese
• Interactional Synchrony
• Reciprocity - 3Types of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Bodily ContactPhysical interactions between carer and infant that help to form the attachment bond
- 4Types of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: MimickingInfants seem to have an innate ability to imitate carers' facial expressions
- 5Types of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: CaregivereseAdults who interact with infants use a modified form of vocal language that is high-pitched, song like voice
- 6Types of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Interactional SynchronyInfants move their bodies in time with the rhythm of carers spoken language to create turn-taking convocations
- 7Types of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: ReciprocityInteractions between carers and infants result in mutual behaviour which both parties produce responses from each other
- 8Evaluation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Klaus & Kennell (Physical contact)Compared mums who had extended physical contact with their babies lasting several hours a day with mums who had physical contact with their babies 3 days after birth. One month later, greater physical contact = stronger attachment bond
- 9Evaluation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Papousek et al (Caregiverese)Found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that is was their turn to speak (interaction) was cross-cultural.
Suggests care-giverese is innate - 10Evaluation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Melzoff & Moore (Mimicking)Found infants ages 2-3 tended to mimic adults' specific facial expressions and hand movement.
Suggests mimicking is innate. - 11Evaluation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Isabella et al (Interactional synchrony)Further strengthened the notion of interactional synchrony, infants with secure attachments were demonstrated more
- 12Stages of attachment development (overview): Schaffer• Pre-attachment phase (0-3 months)
• Indiscriminate attachment phase (3-8 months)
• Discriminate attachment phase (8 months onwards)
• Multiple attachment stage (9 months onwards) - 13Pre-attachment phase (birth to 3 months)From 6 weeks of age, infants become attracted to other humans
- 14Indiscriminate attachment phase (3-8 months)Infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people. Smiling more at known people, though they will still allow strangers to handle them
- 15Discriminate attachment phase (8 months onwards)Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to particular people and become distressed when separated. They avoid unfamiliar people and protest
- 16Multiple attachment stage (9 months onwards)Infants form strong emotional bonds with other major care-givers (grandparents) and non-caregivers (other children). The fear of strangers weakens
- 17The role of the father: overview• Degree of sensitivity
• Type of attachment with own parents
• Marital intimacy
• Supportive co-parenting - 18The role of the father: Degree of sensitivityMore secure attachments to their children are found in fathers who show sensitivity to their needs
- 19The role of the father: Type of attachment with own parentsSingle-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their children that they had with their parents
- 20Role of the father: Marital IntimacyThe degree of infancy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
- 21Role of the father: Marital IntimacyThe degree of infancy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
- 22Role of the father: Supportive Co-parentingThe amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for the children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
- 23Role of the father: Supportive Co-parentingThe amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for the children affects the type of attachment he will have with his children
- 24The role of the father evaluation: Supports• Children with secure attachments have better relationships with peers, less problem behaviours. Shows positive influence on developmental outcomes
- 25The role of the father evaluation: Supports• When fathers spend more time with their children, the children develop more secure attachments. Interaction is the most important factor.
- 26The role of the father evaluation: Doesn't support• Children who grow up without fathers tend to do less well at school, are more aggressive. Fathers can help prevent negative developmental outcomes
- 27The role of the father evaluation: Doesn't supportAlthough evidence suggests that men are equally able as women to display sensitive responses and form attachments, society has a long way to catch up
- 28Animal studies of attachment• Lorenz (imprinting)
• Harlow (monkey) - 29Bowlby's theory of attachment• Monotropy
• Internal Working Model
• Sensitive/ Critical Period
• Continuity Hypothesis
• Social Releasers - 30Bowlby's theory of attachment: MonotropyInfants must have have only one secure attachment figure
- 31Bowlby's theory of attachment: Internal Working ModelA template of what a relationship is like, it tells the child what to expect in a relationship
- 32Sensitive/Critical Period• Sensitive Period = in humans from 6 months to 3 years
• Critical Period = in animals from 0-6 months
Attachments must be formed in this time or they will be unable to in the future - 33Continuity HypothesisThe way in which attachments are formed determines how the infants will grow up and continue to form attachments in later life
- 34Social ReleasersInnate, infants social behaviours that stimulate interaction and caregiving
E.g. Crying, smiling etc - 35Bowlby's theory of attachment: Studies that supportLorenz
• Supports evolutionary theory- imprinting is innate
• Supports Internal Working Model- ducks tried to mate with humans
• Supports Critical Period - 36Bowlby's theory of attachment: studies that don't supportSchaffer and Emerson
• Says that children have multiple attachments of equal importance.
• Goes against monotropy. - 37Evaluation of Bowlby's theory of attachment: supports• Bowlby's theory has been used by right-wing political figures as scientific proof that women should be at home mothering the children rather than working
- 38Evaluation of Bowlby's theory of attachment: supportsAlthough Schaffer and Emerson found children had multiple attachment types, they also tended to have one primary attachment figure
- 39Evaluation of Bowlby's theory of attachment: doesn't supportBowlby's sees fathers as minor attachment figures but they can be attachment figures in their own right
- 40Evaluation of Bowlby's theory of attachment: doesn't supportsAttachments occurred mainly with individuals displaying sensitive responses rather than the amount of exposure one has with infant
- 41What is the learning theory of attachment?A behaviourist approach, believes we are born as a blank slate that gives us the ability to learn either by classical or operant conditioning
- 42What is classical conditioning?Associating two stimuli together that we begin to respond to one in the same way as we do the other
- 43What is operant conditioning?Learning whether to repeat a behaviour depending on the consequence
- 44Evaluation of the learning theory of attachment: supportsBehaviourist explanations are reductionist, they explain complex behaviours simply
- 45Evaluation of the learning theory of attachment: supportsDollard and Millar
An average baby is fed 2,000 times in the first year, supports operant conditioning - 46Evaluation of the learning theory of attachment: doesn't supportHarlow
Baby monkeys seaked emotional comfort more than food - 47Evaluation of the learning theory of attachment: doesn't supportSchaffer
'Cupboard love' babies don't 'live to eat' but 'eat to live' showing they actively seek stimulation not nutrition - 48Ainsworth: measuring attachment typesAttachment types
• Type A: insecure avoidant
• Type B: secure
• Type C: Insecure resistant - 49Type A: Insecure Avoidant• Willing to explore
• Low stranger anxiety
• Unconcerned by separation
• Caregiver indifferent to infants needs - 50Type B: Secure• Infants keen to explore
• High separation anxiety
• Enthusiastic at rerun of caregiver
• Caregiver is sensitive to infants needs - 51Type C: Insecure Resistant• Infants unwilling to explore
• High stranger anxiety
• Upset by separation
• Seek and reject contact at return of caregiver
• Caregiver ambivalent to infants needs- loving and rejecting at the same time - 52Findings of Ainsworth's studyType A: 15%
Type B: 70%
Type C: 15% - 53Evaluation of Ainsworth: supportsHighlights importance of parental sensitivity in creating secure attachments. Used as a paradigm today
- 54Evaluation of Ainsworth: supportsArgued that it caused emotional distress but it was no greater than what they would experience at home e.g. Mother going to the toilet
- 55Evaluation of Ainsworth: doesn't supportUnethical, it caused infant distress. 20 minute separation
- 56Evaluation of Ainsworth: doesn't supportLacks ecological validity- artificial. Brofenbrenner found attachments are strongest at home than in the lab
- 57Cultural variations in attachment• Individualist cultures
• Collectivist cultures
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- Fichas sobre Psychology - Developmental , creado por Hannah Atkins el 12/12/2016.
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- Hannah Atkins
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