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Social Development in Infancy
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- 1Recognition of Mother's VoiceVoice can be heard clearly inside the womb. At 4 weeks infants prefer their mother's voice to another female.
- 2Recognition of Mother's faceWalton & Bower
7 hour old babies preferred to look at a picture of mother than stranger with the same hair colour. Babies have an innate recognition of their caregiver (usually the mother). Babies focused on mother's hairline - 3ImmitationResearchers use imitation as one of the first forms of communication. Babies imitate from birth.
Field et al. (1985) 3 month babies smiled and vocalised more when mothers imitated them - 4SmilingIs a newborn reflex similar to sucking. By 6 weeks babies smile to mother's face/voice. By 2 months babies coo and laugh when people are talking to them/smiling. By 3 months baby's smiles are synchronised with the mother's.
- 5Social referencingOccurs between 9-10 months (Klinnert)
When confronted with a novel / uncomfortable situation infants may look to their caregiver for cues as how to respond. - 6Recognition of Emotional Expressions7/8 month olds can distinguish between and react differently to happy and surprised/fearful/angry faces.
- 7Understanding of Emotional ExpressionVisual Cliff Experiment:
Babies 9-12 months see mother on the other side of a 'visual cliff' (glass platform). Mother changes her emotion and the child responds.
E.g. when the mother showed a fearful expression, 75% of children didn't cross the border. - 8Shared Visual Attention6-12 months (before social referencing).
Flom et al. 2004: Parent sat in front of infant, 3 conditions (look, look and point, look point and verbalise). Better than change performance of infant visually attending in the 'look and point' condition. In the 2nd visual field better than change performance in look point and verbalise.
Infants followed larger head turns more than smaller turns, particularly when outside the infant's visual field. - 9Joint AttentionIsn't until 12 months pointing has a communicative purpose, (trying to get objects out of reach). Pointing with full hand is different the to index finger.
At 2 years, infants will point, look at parent and look back at the object. - 10Importance of AttachmentAttachment during infancy, related with later childhood patterns of ego resilience and problem solving in stressful situations.
Insecure attachment styles have been related to loneliness, anxiety and depression in adulthood - 11Attachment theoryAttachment explains the origins of social an emotional behaviour. Two main theories are:
Bowlby's: attachment as a model of close relationships.
Ainsworth's: attachment as a set of overt behaviours - 12Freudian Psychoanalytic Attachment to caregiver forms because...they provide oral gratification
- 13Learning Theory Attachment to caregiver forms because...they are the secondary reinforcer
- 14Cognitive Developmental Theory Attachment to caregiver forms...after the infant is able to differentiate between the self and others and have object permenance
- 15Ethological Theory Attachment to caregiver forms because...of instinctual responses to ensure its protection and survival
- 16John Bowlby's Theory of AttachmentExplains attachment between infant and mother using ethological principles in human terms.
Mother provides a secure base from which the developing infant can explore the world and return in safety. - 17Bowlby was influenced byHarlow's (1971) maternal deprivation in monkeys. Baby monkeys reared alone were given the choice of a cloth covered support which didn't dispense food, and a wire support that dispensed milk. Monkeys chose the cloth covered support for comfort.
- 18Bowlby - Attachment and LossAttachment needs both strong social relationship and adequate physical care. Biological need for a baby to form significant attachment with primary caregiver. Attachment pattern is constructed with the child's experiences with the caregiver, whether they are sensitive, available and consistent.
- 19Schaffer's 'Developmental Trends' AttachmentPre-attachment 0-2 months = indiscriminate social responses.
Attachment in the making 2-7 months = recognition of familiar people.
Clear-cut attachment 7-24 months = separation protest, wariness of strangers, intentional communication.
Goal-corrected partnership 24 months+ = children understand parents needs (two-sided relationship) - 20Bowlby's Attachment Patterns1. Secure attachment relationship = leads child into a range of psychologically healthy pathways and independence
2. Insecure attachment relationship = i.e.. loss of attachment figure/none. Contributes to later abnormal behaviour - 21Bowlby's initial interest came fromworking in a school for maladjusted children
- 22Developments of Bowlby: Monotropyattachment is usually to one primary caregiver. This is qualitatively different from other attachments.
(Father provides love and companionship to support the mother emotionally). - 23Developments of Bowlby: Schaffer and Emerson (1964)Attachment is often to more than 1 person. Poor attachment can be offset by strong attachment to another.
Onset: mother 95% father 30%
18 moths: mother 81% father 75% - 24Developments of Bowlby: Four Signs of Attachment (Maccoby)Baby seeks to be near the mother, becomes distressed when mother leaves the room, happy when the mother returns, orients to the mother
- 25Developments of Bowlby Ainsworth, Strange SituationInfant's reaction is observed at each stage:
Mother an infant enter observation room, infant's play is observed. Stranger enters and talks to mother. Mother leaves. Mother returns. Mother leaves. Stranger enters. Mother returns. - 26Ainsworth: Strange Situation Securely Attached ChildrenPlays happily but keeps a close eye on the mother. Positive reaction to stranger. Cries when mother leaves the room. When mother returns baby is rapidly comforted.
- 27Ainsworth: Strange Situation Insecure-Avoidant ChildrenOften doesn't cry when mother leaves. Stranger can provide comfort if the baby cries. When mother returns, baby may turn/look away.
- 28Ainsworth: Strange Situation Insecure Resistant ChildrenStays close to the mother, doesn't move away to play with toys. Cries when mother leaves the room, on return baby seeks comfort but resists mother's attempts.
- 29Ainsworth: Strange Situation Insecure-Disorganised ChildrenLacks organised ability to deal with stress. When mother returns child may appear confused / dazed or cry loudly trying to get onto mother's knee.
- 30Developments of Bowlby Maintaining Attachment StylesForming attachment in infancy doesn't have irreversible consequences. Lewis et al (2000) attachment at 1 year wasn't related to attachment at 18 months.
Important attachments are formed throughout life. Individual differences in temperament affect attachment. - 31Influences on attachment quality1. Caregiver factors (depression, experience, day car arrangements)
2. Child factors (temperament) - 32Attachment and postnatal depressionMore common in low socio-economic status groups.
McMahon et al. (2006) mothers with PND more likely to have insecure attachment styles themselves. Children whose mothers suffer from PND more likely to have insecure attachment styles. - 33Practical Implications of Bowlby's WorkIntroduction of facilities in hospitals for parents to stay with young children (less deprivation). Child care in orphanages. Day-care arrangements (no more than 20 hours a week).
However these cannot be directly applied as not one model works for all children. - 34Insecure attachment style in infants in daycare over 20 hours a week can be explained by'Strange' situation wasn't as successful for these children.
Infants of working mums may different in temperament to other children.
However these children show no differences in self-confidence/emotional adjustment.
Therefore it can be explained by something other than time spend in daycare? - 35National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Applebaum et al. 1997)Relationships between attachment and maternal sensitivity / responsiveness / quality of childcare.
Combination of these results in less secure infants at 15 months. - 36Problems Measuring Attachment in the Strange Situation1. Attachment is continuous (classification in categories is misleading).
2. Cultural variations
3. Doesn't account for all children with abnormal attachments (autistic children)
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- Fichas sobre Social Development in Infancy, creado por lauradavies94 el 10/04/2014.
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