Fichas
Protozoa
Fichas del conjunto (78)
- 19+2 organizationOrganization of microtubules in a flagellum. 9 pairs of microtubules with 2 in the middle
- 2ActinA contractile protein that forms microfilaments and is part of the cytoskeleton. Seen in the cytoplasm of amoebozoa and is polymerized in the ectoplasm. but found in monomers in the endoplasm.
- 3AlveolateAssemblage of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that have common ancestry. comprised of ciliates. apicomplexans. and dinoflagellates. All contain alveoli. which are flattened vesicles supporting the plasma membrane and forming a flexible pellicle. Together with the stramenopiles. comprise chromalveolates.
- 4AmoebozoaProtozoa phylum that moves using pseudopodia and feed by phagocytosis. Most are free living in shallow water.
- 5ApicomplexaProtozoa phylum that contains parasitic protists. Members have various animal hosts and complex life cycles involving multiple fission. sexual reproduction and the production of spores. Now classified as alveolates.
- 6ArchaeplastidaAn assemblage of eukaryotic organisms that contain land plants. single cell and colonial green algae and red algae. Have plastids.
- 7Asexual ReproductionReproduction in which new individuals are produced from a single parent without the formation of gametes. Can use either fission. fragmentation. budding. Forms clones.
- 8Basal BodyStructure located in the cytoplasm that is essential for the formation of cilia and flagella. from which they project. Composed of 9 sets of microtubules arranged in triplets. and embedded in a dense granular matrix.
- 9BikontEukaryotic organisms that have 2 flagella. and thought to be the ancestor of all plants. as it was able to swim up and undergo an endosymbiotic event with photosynthetic bacteria. which formed the chloroplast.
- 10Binary FissionDivision of 1 cell into 2 similar cells. Method of asexual reproduction.
- 11Centriole2 short cylinders at right angels and composed of microtubules. Replicates during nondividing phase of the cell cycle. and is involved in mitosis. Essential for the assembly of undulipodia.
- 12CentrosomeSpecialized region of all eukaryotic cells except fungi. Situated next to the nucleus and organizes microtubules during cell division. Chief microtubule-organizing centre in animal cells.
- 13ChoanocyteFlagellated cell surrounded by a collar-like sheath of protoplasm that forms a layer lining the internal chamber.
- 14ChromoalveolataOne of the 6 major eukaryotic supergroups. Contains organisms descendant from endosymbiosis of algea and bikont.
- 15CiliaSmall. hair-like filaments on cell walls whose wafting motion is used for propulsion or moving matter along a surface. Cilia are also found on single-celled protozoa.
- 16CiliophoraPhylum containing ciliated protozoa that possess two types of nuclei. a micronucleus and macronucleus. Cilia are used for feeding and locomotion. Reproduce sexually by conjugation. Included in alveolates.
- 17CirrusIn certain ciliate protozoa. an organelle formed by the fusion of a group of cilia. which usually functions in locomotion.
- 18Colonial ChoanoflagellateCells that are very similar to choanocytes. including a collar-like sheath. Form colonies and are thought to be the ancestors of animals.
- 19ConjugationA form of sexual reproduction in ciliate protozoans. Two individuals are united by a tube formed by outgrowths from one or both of the cells. Genetic material from one cell (male) then passes through the tube to unite with that in the other cell.
- 20Contractile vacuolesOrganelle which functions in the removal of excess water from the cells of protozoa. Expands as it fills with water from the cytoplasm. and contracts as it empties this water to the exterior.
- 21CytopharynxShort passage like region in some protozoans through which food passes through after being ingested at the cytostome
- 22Cytoplasmic streamingThe continuous. often rapid. movement of cytoplasm within a cell. If is a process requiring expenditure of energy by the cell and is thought to inlvolve microfilament and microtubular activity.
- 23CytoproctA well developed feeding groove that takes food in at a specific point.
- 24CytostomeThe fixed site in some protozoan cells at which food is ingested.
- 25Dyenin armThe connection between two pairs of microtubules created when a dyenin motor protein grabs on to one of the microtubules and walks on the other.
- 26Dyenin motorA molecular motor that walks on microtubules and goes towards the centriole.
- 27EctoplasmThe outer gel like layer of the cell's cytoplasm immediately beneath the cell membrane and contains polymerized actin needed for cell movement in amoebozoa.
- 28Endomembrane systemNetwork of membranous compartments that forms part of many of the cells internal organelles and other functional components. It includes the membranes of the nucleus. endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus etc.
- 29EndoplasmThe inner layer of cytoplasm within which are embedded the principle cell organelles. In amoebozoa. also contains actin monomers.
- 30Endosymbiont theoryThe theory that states that certain organelles in the eukaryotic cell were once free living prokaryotic organisms that were ingested by eukaryotic organisms. but not digested. and kept on living in a symbiotic manner. This theory hypothesizes on the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- 31EuglenozoaPhylum of protozoa. Nearly all members are flagellates. Discoid mitochondrial cristae. and paramylon as the carbohydrate storage product (startch)
- 32ExcavataEukaryotic protists characterized by one or more feeding grooves equipped with flagella that propel food into the mouth
- 33Eye spotArea of light sensitive pigment on some algae
- 34FlagellaA thread-like organelle which usually functions in locomotion.
- 35Food vacuoleA small vesicle that is formed inside a protozoan cell and within which food particles ingested by the cell are contained and subsequently digested.
- 36GametocyteA cell that will undergo meiosis to form gametes
- 37Gametogonya stage in the sporozoa lifecycle in which gametes are formed.
- 38Helicoid flagellar beatFlagellar movement in a spiral
- 39Hyaline capClear space at the leading edge of the pseudopodium. Where endoplasm becomes ectoplasm
- 40KindetodesmataLongitudinally oriented cytoplasmic fibrils associated with and always on the right of the kinetosomes of ciliates.
- 41Kinesin MotorMolecular motor protein that walks away from the centriole.
- 42Lobose pseudopodGroup of amoebozoa. Blunt and there may be one or several on a cell.
- 43LysosomeOrganelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used primarily for digestion and removal of excess or worn-out organelles. food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria
- 44MacronucleusOne of two types of dimorphic nuclei found in ciliate protozoans. Contains multiple copies of the genome and is responsible for general protozoan cell function.
- 45MembranelleAny structures found arount the mouth or sytostome in ciliate protists. Cilia which emerge from this structure are too fused. and can function as a single membrane which can be used to sweep particles of food into the cytostome. or can be used for locomotion
- 46MerozoitesStage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite (plasmodium). Formed during the asexual division of the schizont. Swim around to find RBCs.
- 47Metachronal waveSynchronized beat along the longitudinal ciliary rows.
- 48MicronucleusOne of two dimorphic nuclei found in ciliate protozoans. Only contains one copy of the genome and is used during the reproductive cell division.
- 49MicrotubulesHollow cylindrical protein polymers made of tubulin. Involved in intracellular shape and transport.
- 50MicrovilliMinute hairlike structures projecting from the exposed surface of the cell in order to increase the surface area for absorption. secretion. cellular adhesion or mechanotransduction.
- 51Multiple fissionDivision of the nucleus. simultaneously or successively into a number of daughter nuclei. followed by division of the cell body into an equal number of parts. each containing a nucleus.
- 52MyonemesStrands of contractile myofibers found in single cells. These allow the cell to contract in length and change its shape
- 53Myosin motorMolecular motor that walks on actin
- 54Nuclear envelopeThe double-layered membrane that envelopes the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. separating the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
- 55OocystEncysted zygotic stage in the life cycle of some sporozoans
- 56OpisthokontBroad group of eukaryotes including both the animal and fungus kindgom ancestors.
- 57PellicleNetwork of semi-rigid cell membrane thickenings found on the surface of some protozoans. These are used to anchor either the locomotory flagella or cilia into the surrounding plasma membrane
- 58PhagocytosisCellular ingestion of suspended nutrients
- 59PhagosomeVesicle formed around a particle that has recently been phagocytosed
- 60PinocytosisCellular ingestion of dissolved nutrients
- 61Planar flagellar beatFlagellum beats in one plane so it needs more than one to move in different directions
- 62ProtistaKingdom containing protists
- 63ProtozoaSingle celled organisms in Protista that exhibit the animal-like characteristics of having to feed to obtain nutrients (heterotrophic).
- 64PseudopodCytoplasmic extension that extends from the surface of either a protozoan or any amoeboid cell. These structures are temporary and are used for locomotion and feeding.
- 65RadiozoaProtista phylum that produces intricate mineral skeletons. Usually have central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm
- 66RhizariaSupergroup of protists. mostly unicellular eukaryotes that for the most part are amoeboids with filose. reticulose. or microtubule-supported pseudopods.
- 67SchizogonyForm of asexual reproduction found in some protozoans. Multinucleated cell undergoes cell division that results in each daughter cell containing only one of the many nuclei present in the parent cell (multiple fission)
- 68Sexual reproductionMode of reproduction involving the fusion of the female and male gametes. which forms a zygote that potentially develops into genetically distinct offspring.
- 69Sliding microtubule hypothesisMicrotubules in cilia and flagella are arranged in 9+2. Dyenin motors stretch from each pair of microtubules to the other and walk down one of the microtubule pairs. This slides the microtubules over each other and bends the flagellum or cilia.
- 70SporogonyForm of asexual reproduction where the fusion product of the male and female gamete undergoes multiple cell divisions that produce sporozites. Found in apicomplexa.
- 71SporozoitesAny of the minute undeveloped sporozoans produced by multiple fission of a zygote or spore.
- 72TestsAnother word for rhizarian shells.
- 73TrichocystsFlask-shaped structure in the pellicles of some protists used to defend and anchor the organism.
- 74TrophozoitesFeeding stage of plasmodium. Inside the RBCs.
- 75TubulinProtien that makes up microtubules.
- 76UndulipodGeneric name for cilia and flagella
- 77UnikontEukaryotic cell with a single flagellum. Ancestor of all animals.
- 78Water expulsion vesicleSpecial organelle found in protozoan and some parozoans that is involved in osmoregulation. Collects water from the cytoplasm and then releases it from the cell. Also called a contractile vacuole.