Fichas
Baroque Test 3
Fichas del conjunto (43)
- 1—Velazquez, Las Menina (Ladies in Waiting), 1656, 10 x 9 feet, Spain
* Theres 50 paintings by Velazquez in the Prado in Madrid
* The king didn’t ask for this painting, Velazquez just did it
* Velazquez is on the left
* Philip and his second wife had princess Margurita in the middle
* Theres a mirror in the background
* Phillip IV and his wife are in the reflection
* Velazquez might be painting the king and queen in his canvas on the side
* No double portraits of the royal family exist though
* This painting shows the importance of a royal painter’s role
* The two paintings in the back are copies of Ruben’s paintings
* They’re both about art in mythology
* Its Pan challenging Apollo to a music competition
* Then Arachne challenging Athena to weaving
* Its all a statement about the importance of the arts
* Its very painterly now
* Velazquez only used a few colors, maybe 5, and mixed them
* The Red Cross on his chest is the crest of the Order of Santiago
* Margaret’s flowers on her dress are just brushstrokes
* Impressionism is 200 years later but super similar
* It dissolves f - 2—Zurbaran, Crucifixion, 1627, AIC, originally for Sacristy of Monastery of San Pablo Real, Seville (Spain)
* Sacristy is a room in a church where the priests keep their robes and everything for the eucharist
* Zubaran believed Jesus had 4 nails in him, not 5
* Sometimes theres only 2 or 3 in art history
* There’s an inscription on the top of the cross
* Its what Pilot the Roman who crucified him asked to be put on it
* "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews”
* He called himself that and was crucified for treason
* There’s a little piece of paper at the bottom with his signature
* Francisco de Zurbaran
* 1598-1664
* Born in Seville
* Died in Madrid
* Realism and Simplicity
* Heavy Caravaggio influence
* He painted Alla Prima too
- 3—Zurbaran, St. Peter Nolasco’s Vision of the Crucified St. Peter, 1625, Prado, (Spain)
Originally for the Monastery of the Order of Mercy, Seville
* It’s Peter Nolasco seeing St. Peter
* He died in 1256, he founded the order of mercy to rescue christians
* Its blank too, so you focus on the foreground
* One of Peter Nolasco’s chief followers was saint Serapion
- 4—Zurbaran, St. Serapion, 1628, Spain
Originally for the Monastery of the Order of Mercy, Seville
* The paper says St Serapion’s name so people know who it is
* He’s wearing the chest of the order of mercy
* He was from England and joined Peter on the crusade
* He died in 1240
* One version of his death said he had his throat cut
* One said he was tortured and decapitated
* His pose is reminiscent of Christ
- 5—Zurbaran, Still Life with Oranges, 1633, Spain
* He didn’t do many still lifes
* There’s lots of symbolism
* Still lifes often show life and death
* Example - Vanitas (emptiness in latin)
* The three could be for the trinity
* Lemons are thought of as a fruit of paradise and the Virgin Mary and fidelity and love
* Oranges are often substituted for apples, like Adam and Eve
* There’s orange blossoms on top, white meaning purity
* Rose has been associated with the Virgin Mary, the ‘rose without thorns’
* The cup of water could be for baptism
- 6—Murillo, Self Portrait, 1670-75, 4 x 3, Spain
* There’s painting tools on the right, and drawing on the left
* They’re both equal to him, even as a finished artwork
* The inscription says “portraying himself to fulfill the wishes and prayers of his children”
* He has 6 kids
* He did a series of genre paintings of poor children
* His wife died and he had to take care of his children
* Murillo invented the genre of beggar boys
* Bartolome Esteban Murillo
* 1617-1682
* Born and died in Seville
* 1660: founded the Academy of Drawing
* There’s no drawings from Ribera, Velazquez, or Zerberan
* But Murillo did draw
* Artists gathered and discussed intellectual ideas
- 7—Murillo, The Younger Beggar, 1650, Spain
*Dirty feet and tattered clothing so you know they’re poor
* There’s light shining through the window, Jesus being the light etc
* Light dark dichotomy in christian views, heaven, not darkness
* The boy is picking fleas off of himself, it was a metaphor for trying to rid yourself of sin
* Shrimp were a poor food then and there
* Apples in the basket
* Bread and wine for Jesus’s body/blood for his death
- 8—Murillo, Immaculate Conception of the Escorial, 1660-65, Prado (Spain)
* Murillo painted 15 immaculate conceptions
* She’s on a crescent moon, symbolic of chastity
* There’s angels, so she’s in heaven
* Rose and lilies for Mary
* Palm branch for martyrs
* Olive branch for peace
- 9—Poussin, Self Portrait, 1650, Louvre, for Paul Freart de Chantelou
* A lot of his paintings were commissioned by French patrons
* The Barberini family is his biggest patron in Rome
* He works for them for 20 years
* He’s next to a bunch of paintings
* The inscription says “Portrayal of Nicolas Poussin of Les Andalys, done at Rome during the Jubilee Year of 1650, aged 56 years”
* Jubilee years are a catholic thing were you get pardoned by the pope every 50 years
* Poussin was 56 at the time so its later in his life
* Portraits still aren’t as important as Christian things and stuff
* But there is an elevated status of a self portrait with him
* Mythologic and religion was seen as higher because you had to know the stories
* Poussin never wanted to do still life or genre because he thought they were base, he did do landscape but it was idealized
* He’s in Rome because he loves ancient art from greek and roman art
* Raphael was his second influence
* Nicolas Poussin
* 1594-1665
* 1624: moved to Rome
* La maniera magnifica - the magnificent manner
* He’s the French standard
* He w
- 10—Poussin, Death of Germanicus, 1627, France
* The Barberini family was Poussin’s big patron
* You could only go see this painting with a letter of recommendation
* Its another scene from Roman history
* Germanicus was the adopted son of Tiberius
* He achieves fame early in the empire from going to the Germanic countries and conquering them
* Tiberius was jealous and had him poisoned
* So this is Germanicus dying, his son Caligula and wife are on the right
* His men are vowing to avenge his death, and they do
* The highest subject matter you could paint was the death of a hero
* The soldiers are vertical lines to show strength
* His wife is crumpled in a defeated way to the side
* He’s in white to be the focal point
- 11—Poussin, Martyrdom of St Erasmus, 1628-29, France
Originally for St Peters during Urban VIII’S reign
* Barberini is pope by now, Caravaggio is dead, but Bernini, Artemisia, Velazquez are all active
* Erasmus is being put to death by Diocletian
* His bowels are being removed
* They’re winding them around a windlass
* One man is pointing at a statue of Hercules, wanting him to recant his Christianity
* He’s going to his martyrdom with faith and courage
* Everyone’s looking down to make Erasmus the focal point
* There’s no blood though, its still idealized
- 12—Poussin, 7 Sacraments: Ordination, 1642, France
Originally for Cassiano del Pozzo, Cardinal Francesco Barberini’s Secretary
* The kimbell paid 27.4 million for it
* It’s Peter receiving the keys from Jesus
* Urban VIII’s secretary, del Pozzo, ordered it from Poussin
* He ordered all 7 paintings of the sacraments
* They were kept in a castle in there British isles until recently
* Judas is on the right under the dead tree
* There’s 12 trees, one for each disciple
* Primary colors again, non painterly-ness
- 13—Poussin, Landscape with St Matthew and the Angel, 1639-40, France
Originally for Gian Maria Roscioli, secretary to Urban VIII
* He makes up the landscapes and embeds myth
* There’s crumbling columns, showing the decay of pagan history
* Matthew isn’t one of the original 12, he wrote the first gospel
* Poussin if the first painter to put the scene of Matthew writing the gospel with the angel outside
* Like Carracci showing the slight into Egypt outside
- 14—Poussin, Landscape with St. John on Patmos, France
Originally for Gian Maria Roscioli, Secretary to Urban VIII
* More crumbled columns in the background
* There’s an obelisk for Egypt too
* They were hung together and John is facing Matthew
- 15—Rigaud, King Louis XIV, 1701, 9 x 7 feet, Louvre, France
* Everyone based their work off Poussin
* He used high subject matter and not brushstrokes
* Louis XIV is known as the Sun King because he was egotistical
* He was 5’4 and invented high heels
* He loved ballet and dance
* There’s tons of implied texture
* 1648- The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture is founded in Paris
* He was only ten at the time so his advisors made the choice
* Death of a Hero was still lofty subject matter in academies
* There was a grading scale for importance: ancient art, Raphael, and Poussin
- 16—Le Vau, Perrault, and Le Brun, Louvre, east facade, 1667-70, Paris, France
* This facade is 560 feet long
* French baroque is very grandiose
* There’s also classicism
* Full entablature, architrave, corinthian columns, etc
* There’s Roman round arches
* Each facade is under a different king and look different
* Bernini’s plan is like Borromini, its very round and curving
* It was rejected because it was too grandiose and would have required them to demolish earlier wings of the Louvre
* They ended up doing a very straight facade instead
- 17—Le Vau and Hardouin-Mansart, Palace of Versailles, garden facade, 1669-85, France
* Le Vau died soon after starting and Mansart finished it
* The sun rises in front of Louis’s bedroom in the middle, as the Sun King
* It uses ionic capitals
* Louis XIV decided to move the capital from Paris to Versailles
* He built it on swampy land and displaced 12,000 people
* Louis XIII had a hunting lodge there
* Louis XIV expanded it and set up his court
* The whole palace is 1/4 mile
* The middle is the old lodge
* The center street leading out takes you to Paris
* Louis spent the state treasury to do this
* They had to bring in tons of water
* It shows man conquering nature
- 18—Hardouin-Mansart and Le Brun, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 17th Century, France
* Its right in the middle facing the east too, and the sun goes through the round arches and reflects off the mirrors
* Venice was still the glass making center, these were imported from there
* Mirrors were expensive and people only had small ones
* So guests could see themselves dancing
* Ornamentation and Grandiosity
- 19—Rubens, Rubens and Isabella Brant in a Honeysuckle Bower, 1609, Flanders
* This is his first marriage when he was 32 and she was 17
* She died 17 years later of the plague after having 3 children
* Rubens was knighted while Velazquez was trying to get in the order
* Titian had been knighted, so two non Spanish artists had been knighted in Spain, while Velazquez wasn’t
* Rubens is Sir Rubens, he has a lot of status
* We have 1400 paintings from him
* Rubens is still elevated above his wife
* He works from real life but idealizes too
Peter Paul Rubens
June 28, 1577 - May 30, 1640
* He was knighted by Charles I in England and Phillip IV in Spain
* Rubens was on a diplomatic mission in 1628 for Phillip IV and befriended Velazquez
* He had been to Madrid in 1603-4 during Phillip III
* He spent 1600-1608 in Italy and was fluent in Italian
* Rubens is from the Southern Netherlands, Flanders (modern Belgium)
* The South was Catholic, the North was Protestant
* Rubens was born in Germany because his Protestant father fled
* The Catholic Spanish Hapsbourgs ruled t
- 20—Rubens, Raising of the Cross, 1610-11, o/p, 15 x 11 (center), 15 x 4 (each wing), Antwerp Cathedral, Flanders
* There was originally an image of god above
* St Walburg commissioned it
* Triptych - three paneled art that’s hinged and can close
* There’s two images of saints on the back when closed
* In the center Jesus is being lifted by nine people
* Mary and John are on the left
* Soliders on the right
* Lots of diagonal lines
* When its open, its 21 feet across
* Laocoon’s face and the musculature of Michelangelo
- 21—Rubens, Descent from the Cross, 1611-12, o/p, 13 x 20 (open), Antwerp Cathedral, Flanders
* In situ
* It’s just as big as the Raising
* Military men commissioned it
* The commission paid for a third of the cost of his palace
* Left Panel: Visitation, when Mary is pregnant with Jesus, and her cousin Elizabeth is pregnant with John
* Right Panel: Presentation of Christ Child, they’re making a sacrifice of joy at the temple (it became a feast day)
* In both panels baby Jesus is being carried
* On the left Mary is carrying Jesus in her womb
* On the right he’s being carried by an older man named Simian, who’s old and says he can die now
- 22—Rubens, Prometheus Bound, 1612-1618, Flanders Eagle painted by Frans Snyders
* A specialist will come and paint their speciality
* A different artist painted the eagle
* It shows a struggle, could reflect Ruben’s life
* Rubens kept it with him all of his life
* Prometheus discovered fire and Zeus punished him by having an eagle pluck out his liver every day and it would grow back
- 23—Rubens, Cycle of the Life of Maria de Medici, 1622-25, 12 x 9, now in the Louvre, originally for Luxembourg Palace (Flanders)
* Maria de Medici marries Henri IV in Florence
* She’s from Florence and goes to France
* Rubens goes to France with her, he takes care of her
* Henry IV is assassinated 10 years later
* Louis XIII is too young to rule, so Maria rules in his stead
* He then has Louis XIV
* Henry IV had been married before and needed an heir
* Maria asks Rubens to do a cycle of 21 paintings
* Rubens had a really diplomatic job to glorify her simple life
* He added gods and goddesses to glorify her
- 24—Education of Maria de Medici, Cycle of the Life of Maria de Medici, 1622-25, Louvre (Flanders)
* The 3 Graces, Hermes, Apollo, and Athena are there
- 25—Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Maria de Medici, Cycle of the Life of Maria de Medici, 1622-25, Louvre (Flanders)
* He’s looking at his first picture of her since the marriage is arranged
* Zeus and Hera, the supreme married couple, are looking down at him
* Cupid is approving
- 26—Maria de Medici Landing at Marseilles, Cycle of the Life of Maria de Medici, 1622-25, Louvre (Flanders)
* She’s landing at the French port
* Poseidon is therewith his sea nymphs
* Fame flies ahead
* The personification of France comes to meet her
- 27—Rubens, Landscape with Rainbow, 1636, Flanders
* He loves painting the sky and weather
* It’s realistic, not idealized
* He’s interested in atmospheric effects
* Its a big contrast to biblical scenes in idealized landscapes
* Rubens is directly observing nature
* Rubens is super wealthy by now, he has a castle in the countryside
* He dies in 1640, he painted lots of landscapes for fun
* 50 landscapes were found after he died
* They’re different from idealized landscapes
- 28—Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Self Portrait, 1638-40, Flanders
* He got gout and died of heart problems because of it
* His hand was paralyzed from it and its covered in a glove
- 29—Rembrandt, Nicolaes Ruts, 1631, o/mahogany panel, Dutch Republic
* Nicolaes was a fur salesman
* This was probably in the window of his fur shop as an ad
* They traded with Russia for their fur and were very wealthy
* Rembrandt was a master of implied texture, even early on
* Pieces of paper are often in his portraits, they’re illegible except for the date
Dutch Republic = Northern Netherlands - Protestant
Flanders = Southern Netherlands - Catholic
Rembrandt van Rijin
1606-1669
* He never went anywhere but between Leiden and Amsterdam
* He grew up very religious
* By 1648 the Dutch win independence from Spain, its 7 provinces
* In the Dutch Republic protestant churches aren’t decorated, artists work for private patrons
* The Catholics believed in imagery as an aid to devotion
* The Protestants did not
* The Dutch republic was the wealthiest country in Europe
* They had the East India Trading Company
* Amsterdam was big for glasses too
* So their patrons could afford art, even butchers and merchants
- 30—Rembrandt, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632, Dutch Republic
* The date and names of the people in the picture are on the wall
* The Dutch have corporation group portraits
* Previous to Rembrandt they were very formal
* This is more realistic and informal
* Their heads are on different levels and looking in different directions
* The other doctors are focused and interested
* Dr. Tulp, the main doctor, had just written a book where he argued that humans and superior to animals because of our thumb movement
* So he’s demonstrating with the tendons of the arm
* Rembrandt, like Bernini, likes the Speaking Pose to show people talking, with the hand up and lips parted
* The body is a 28 year old who had been hanged the day before for stealing a coat
* Dissection wasn’t legal unless it was the body of a criminal
* Blank background, strong light and dark, diagonals, like Caravaggio, so he probably saw prints
- 31—Rembrandt, Raising of the Cross and Descent from the Cross, 1633, Dutch Republic
* Rembrandt knew about Rubens big altarpieces and saw prints of them
* He’s being competitive with him
* For Frederick Hendrick, Governor of the United Provinces, for his palace at the Hague
* Rembrandt didn’t want to leave the Netherlands, Huygens thought he should, but he thought there was enough art around him with prints
* He didn’t travel at all
* He went bankrupt later, so it could be that he didn’t have money
* Its more like Caravaggio than Rubens were
* Rembrandt is at Jesus’s feet in the Raising of the Cross
- 32—Rembrandt, Blinding of Samson, 1636, 6 x 9, Dutch Republic
* It was possibly for the Governors Secretary Huygens
* Its from the Old Testament
* Samson got his strength from his hair
* His lover Delilah is in the back
* His enemies wanted to know where his strength was from
* She was bribed and cuts off his hair
* They blind him when they capture him and take him to prison
* But his hair grows back in prison
* Rembrandt picked the most violent scene he could
* He’s a master of implied texture, he could collect armor and costumes from around the world to use as reference
* Samsons body is foreshortened
* Its a nod to Rubens’s Prometheus Bound
- 33—Rembrandt, Self Portrait at the age of 34, 1640, Dutch Republic
* He signed and dated it at the bottom
* He’s dressed in finery cause the was successful at the time
* Rembrandt saw two Italian paintings that inspired it
* It was Emulatio, emulation
* 3 artists painted themselves the most
* Rembrandt painted himself more than 100 times
* So did Durer from Germany
* And so did Van Gogh, also Dutch
- 34—Rembrandt, Cornelis van Anslo and Wife, 1641, Dutch Republic
* Speaking pose is emphasized
* the Bible is bathed in light for good
* Our point of view is from below, like he’s preaching to us
* Some people debate whether its his wife since she’s so old
- 35—Rembrandt, Night Watch, 1642, Dutch Republic
* It was originally even bigger
* The Rijksmuseum is the biggest museum in Amsterdam
* It was slashed and had acid sprayed on it
* The Night Watch was a military group
* Its a corporation type portrait
* Its crowded and realistic
* They’re walking out to meet Maria de Medici
* The Leader is Captain Cocq
* The girl in gold has a chicken hanging off her belt
* This group’s chest had a chicken leg on it
* Its also a play on the captains name
* It is painterly, but great implied texture
* Rembrandt becomes more painterly over time too
- 36—Rembrandt, Portrait of Jan Six, 1654, Dutch Republic
* Jan Six was very wealthy and tried to help Rembrandt out when he went bankrupt
* Its very painterly
- 37—Rembrandt, Prodigal Son in Tavern (Self Portrait with Saskia), 1634, Dutch Republic
* He’s happy here because this is the year he got married to Saskia
* He lived from 1606-1669
* He was born in Leiden but moved to Amsterdam
* June of 1634 he married Saskia
* They had four children, 3 die in infancy
* He painted a lot of father and son motifs
* 1642, Saskia dies when heir son Titus is only 9 months old
* He has a common-law wife named Heindriche from 1649 on
* Then Heindriche dies soon after
* Rembrandt goes into bankruptcy and in 1656, and in 1658 he sells his house and belongings
* Ten years later, his son Titus dies at 27 in 1668
* Titus’s wife was pregnant when he died
* Rembrandt was left with Cornelia, from his second wife, and his 7 month old granddaughter
* In 1669 Rembrandt dies
* He didn’t lose commissions after he became bankrupt
* Rembrandt becomes a mennonite
- 38—Rembrandt, Self Portrait with Maulstick and Brushes, 1665, Dutch Republic
*His self portraits got sadder and sadder over the years
* They’re not vain or self indulgent like Rubens
* He’s showing how sad he is
* His early portraits are happy
- 39—Rembrandt, Jan Six Portrait, commissioned by Jan Six, 9 x 7 inches, 1647, Dutch
* It still has baroque art characteristics
* He has an even smaller one, Goldsmith, thats 3 x 4 inches, from 1665
* There’s multiple prints of all of these, so there’s in different museums
* With etching, you engrave a metal plate and ink it like a stamp
* With prints, you can make multiples
* Printmakers signed and numbered them
* 10/100 - tenth pull of 100
* Sometimes artists destroyed the plates after they died
* The plates were copper or steel
* In engraving you actually dig the lines in the plate
* With etching you put a barrier between the plate and burin, like wax
* You’re not digging into the metal with etching, its more fluid
* The waxy surface is resistant to acid
* So you immerse the plate in acid that eats away the exposed part of the metal leaving a stencil
* The first print is the clearest
* The artists proof (AP) is the first print pulled off and the most valuable
* The work on the plate can be added to or changed midway through
* The print image is reversed when its imprinted
- 40—Rembrandt, Christ Preaching, Engraving, 6 x 8 inches, 1652, Dutch Republic
* Its tiny but with tons of detail
* It shows the 3 ages of man
- 41—Rembrandt, The Three Trees, Engraving, 13 x 11, 1643, Dutch Republic
* Its the year after Satskia died
* There’s supposed to be a few people but its focused on landscapes
* The dutch like focusing on the sky
* Its dark and turbulent
- 42—Rembrandt, View of Amsterdam, Engraving, 1640, Dutch Republic
* Its mostly sky, which is a dutch landscape thing
* Its a realistic view of Amsterdam
- 43—Vermeer, Milkmaid, 1658-60, Dutch Republic
Major Patron: Pieter Claesz van Ruijven
* Vermeer was very perfectionistic
* We have no drawings from him, though
* We only have 36 paintings from him, with others we have over a thousand
* All his blue is lapis lazuli or azurite
* His paintings cost a lot because of that
* A single figure painting like this was 600 guilders
* Vermeer often used his wife and daughters as models
* He often drew from real life
* Its very painterly but realistic
* He’s in the Northern Netherland
Johannes Vermeer
1632-1675
* Because they weren’t painting for the church in Protestant dutch republic, artists had studios and sold their own art
* Its the beginning of our modern art market
* The patron used to pull the strings, but now artists were painting what they wanted
* Vermeer was both a painter and art dealer
* Its all because of protestantism
Información
- Descripción
- Art History Fichas sobre Baroque Test 3, creado por Caroline Groppe el 06/03/2017.
- Creado por
- Caroline Groppe
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