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Paper 1: Attachment
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- 1Caregiver-infant interactionsReciprocity: Occurs when each person responds to the other and elects responses.
From 3+ months interaction is frequent and involves close attention to facial expressions. Both mother and child can initiate action and they appear to take turns.
Interactional Synchrony: Synchronised when carrying out the same action at the same time. Baby and mother mirror each others actions and emotions. Important for the development of infant-mother interaction. - 2Evaluation of caregiver-infant interactions- Difficult to know if interactions have any special meanings, child could just be making hand movements that don't mean anything. Lowers validity.
+ Most research is done under controlled conditions where they're often filmed form different angles = Lots of detail, increasing validity.
+ Isabella (1989) - to see if interactional synchrony is important for the development of mother-infant attachment. they observed 30 mothers and infants together and assessed the degree and quality of synchrony.
They found high levels of synchrony were linked to quality attachments. - 3Attachment figures - role of the fatherSociety is changing so more mothers are working and there are more single-parent families that are fathers. Important factors that affect the relationship between father and child are:
+ Degree of sensitivity - sensitive fathers result in secure attachments.
+ Attachment with their parents - attachments would be similar towards their children as it was with their parents.
+ Martial intimacy - intimacy with partner affects attachment. - 4Evaluation of the role of fathers- Researchers may have an expectation that fathers will take on certain roles and do not take the caring roles, and this could bias the findings. Stereotypes in society regarding the role of fathers may reduce the validity of the research.
- Some people argue social factors encourage fathers not to take on the role as primary caregivers. It doesn't take into account female hormones like oestrogen may create higher levels of nurturing, this means thereby be a biological explanation why mothers are more likely to take on the caring role.
+ Field (1978) filmed 4 month old babies in face-to-face interaction with primary and secondary carers. Primary caregivers produced similar behaviour to mothers like smiling, suggesting fathers can be the more naturing attachment figure. - 5SCHAFFER'S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT:)
- 6STAGE 1ASOCIAL STAGE:
Usually up to 6 weeks of age. Usually form attachments with any human. Observed y Schaffer and Emerson as they approached the baby and it responded the same as it would to anyone. - 7STAGE 2INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT:
Usually 6 weeks to 6 months. Babies become more 'sociable'. They can tell people apart and so begin to form stronger attachments however these do not progress much until the next stage. - 8STAGE 3SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT:
Usually 7 months onwards. Key things are the infant starts to show separation anxiety and 'protests' usually by crying, when the primary attachment leaves. Also they begin to show a fear of strangers. - 9STAGE 4MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS:
10-11 months onwards. The infant begins to make multiple attachments. Usually towards friends, grandparents and childminders/nursery staff - secondary attachments. - 10EVALUATION OF SCHAFFER'S STAGE OF ATTACHMENT- In the asocial stage babies are too young to have good co-ordination and are generally immobile so its difficult to make observations as behaviour is limited. We do not have enough evidence to rely on.
- Bowlby argued that some collectivist cultures believe that children form multiple attachments from the outset as families work together to perform tasks.
- Research is based on self-report and observations. Self-report may lack in validity as mothers may not report the infant behaviour accurately.
+ Schaffer and Emerson (1964) - 11SCHAFFER AND EMERSON (1964)To investigate the formation, age and intensity of early year attachments. They conducted a longitudinal study on 60 babies at monthly intervals for the first 18 months of their lives. Children were studied in their own homes in Glasgow and were from working class skilled families. Mothers were asked about separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.
50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards an adult between 25 and 32 weeks of age. Attachment was normally with the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to the infants signals.
By 40 weeks of age 80% had a specific attachment and limit 30% displayed multiple attachments. - 12SCHAFFER AND EMERSON (1964) EVALUATION+ The research was carried out in families' homes, these are realistic everyday situations so the findings are representative of real-life situations and high in ecological validity.
+ Babies would be too young to be affected by behaviour expectations and wouldn't suffer any demand characteristics.
- The study is low in generalisability despite the use of 60 babies because they were all from the same city, social class and time period (60's). There may be different childrearing practises in different cultures, time periods, etc so the findings won't be applicable to other situations.
- The data was collected by observations or interviews with the mother. This may be bias as mothers may want to be seen favourably (social desirability) so mothers may not report negative experiences, reducing the validity of the study.
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- Fichas sobre Paper 1: Attachment, creado por Milly Acton el 11/04/2017.
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