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Geography Sustainable Development.
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- 1Sea levels are rising by 3.3mm annually, from a study conducted from 1993-2006. By the end of the century there will be an 88cm rise in sea levels. This leads to the flooding of low lying areas, especially coastal cities like New York.There is a reduction in agricultural output from countries near the Equator such as Tanzania who now experiences long periods of drought in place of growing seasons -they could lose almost one third of their maize crop.
- 2Many glaciers are retreating, some more quickly than others due to the increase in global temperature caused by climate change - 90% of glaciers in Antarctica are retreating. The melting of glaciers could cause the Gulf Stream to be diverted further south causing colder temperatures in Western Europe.The shape of the Earth's orbit varies from circular to elliptical every 95,000 years, cold glacial periods occur when the Earth's orbit is circular and warmer periods when it is more elliptical.
- 3The tilt of the Earth's axis varies over time from 21.5 degrees to 24.5, over a 41,000 year time period- the greater the angle of the tilt the hotter the summers and colder the winters are.Volcanic activity releases CO2 and SO2 which cloak the Earth and absorb sunlight trying to pass through.
When there are large amounts of snow and ice on the Earth, global temperature drops due to surface reflection of sunlight back into space. - 4Solar output varies over time, a study in the 1980s shows that solar output has decreased by 0.1%. A 1% difference in output could cause a rise or fall of one degree- output is greatly affected by sunspot activity.The movement of continents caused by plate tectonics affects atmospheric and oceanic circulation and changes wind and ocean currents.
In China 75% of electricity is produced from coal and China is home to 25% of the World's population- releasing gases such as CO2. - 5Methane accounts for 20% of the Earth's atmosphere and is 20 times more insulating that carbon dioxide- it comes to the surface when fossil fuels are mined because it is trapped in dead and rotting organisms. Also from wetlands, rice paddies, rotting vegetables in landfills and animal bowels.There has been an increase in the number of fossil fuels mined, an increase in rice production, an increase in cattle and sheep for diet purposes all due to an increase in global population. As global temperature rises there is an increase in bacteria emissions from wetlands.
- 6Negative effects of Climate Change: 1.Kenya- droughts every 3 years instead of every 10. In 2006 worst drought in 20 years- many farmers lost all their cattle. 2.Great Barrier Reef will be dead in 30 years due to rising sea temperatures. 3. U.K.- more houses and industry being built on floodplains but an increase in storms/floods causes cost of damage to increase.Global Scale Responses:
1922 United Nations held Earth Summit meeting to stable greenhouse gas emissions- leading to Kyoto protocol which made the 181 countries signed to cut emissions by 5.2% compared to 1990 levels. - 7Two thirds of energy produced in power stations is wasted as heat in the cooling tower, if this was captured, less energy would need to be produced. Transport produced 22% of UK's CO2 emissions. Air travel prices raised to discourage travel by air.Local Scale:
"LiveSimply" campaign from catholic church in 2007 made students re-evaluate choices. Government has given £4m to councils to introduce campaigns such as handing out free low energy lightbulbs. Local interest groups such as "Manchester is my planet" encourage people to reduce carbon footprint for incentives such as 25% discount on annual parking permit in NCP car parks. - 8ASDA Distribution centre is located in Didcot, Oxfordshire, products that arrive are covered in shrink wrap and polyethene and are collected 4 times a week to go to landfill sites. Mil-tek installed plastic bailing machines which shrink packaging to 10% original size, now only fill 1 skip collected once a week and recycled no landfill.Nokia campaigning to encourage people to recycle old mobiles as 50% of people update their phone annually. 100% of mobile phones can be re-used e.g. making trumpets, gold rings and park benches. If every phone user recycled, 240,000 tonnes of raw materials would be saved.
- 9Amine scrubbers in Amine solution positioned in the flue can filter 98% of C02 out of flue gases and 95% SO2. Most power stations have systems fitted to remove up to 70% of nitrogen emissions.Video conferencing, push-taps, recycling facilities, e-mail, only washing towels at request.
- 10Congestion Charges were introduced in London in 2003 and by 2008 traffic levels were reduced by 21%, there were 65,000 fewer car journeys each day, there was a 29,000 passenger increase on buses during morning rush hour, 12% increase in cycle journeys and 12% decrease in Nitrous Oxide and fine particulates emissions.Park and Ride in Cambridge located by M11 and A14, 5 sites. Monday-Friday 70 seater double decker bus arrives every 10 minutes for £2.20. 4,500 parking spaces available and clean, well lit, CCTV watched facilities including toilets, a waiting room and baby changing facilities.
- 11Oil Extraction in Ecuador has caused toxic waste to pollute freshwater and farmland out of 600 unlined pipe. Hydrocarbons are 200-300 times more concentrated in this water than is safe. Effects are miscarriages and 5 times more likely to have stomach cancer. Periwinkle cures childhood leukaemia, now endangered.Gas project in Peru needed deforestation which caused the altering of drainage patterns and habitats subsequently causing landslides and soil erosion which silt up the river an kill fish which are a staple food source; causing malnutrition. 1980s half Nahua people died from influenza and whooping cough. Only 1 in 4 live to become teenagers.
- 12Rainforest Management: French government control French Guinea rainforest and have refused to let IAMGOLD Canadian mining company mine gold in the Kaw Mountain area home to 700 plant species, 100 animal species and 254 bird species. The mining would have damaged the biodiversity and leaked cyanide into the Kaw Swamp.Costa Rica encouraging ecotourism by introducing e.g. zipwire facilities in the rainforest. Government have allowed American company called Merck to look for pants for medicine and fragrances- the government receive a share of any profits made.
- 13Nature conservancy is an NGO which has gained indigenous people their right to their 20% share of the Amazon. They ethnomap the community via satellite so the residents can plan their land use. Since 2006 a 5 month course can be taken on ethnomapping and resource management for locals.
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- Fichas sobre Geography Sustainable Development., creado por Grace B el 07/05/2017.
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- Grace B
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