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Volatile Planet Exam 1
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- 1Wisner et al 2003Looked at risk and vulnerability
Theres a dange of treating disasters as an isolated and unique phenomenom. They all have political, social, economical implication.
He described them as 'collisions with people'. Wisner said you cannot remove natural disasters from the broader, political, economical, social state.
He developed a pressure and release model describing how people and hazards interact.
Establist the root causes (distribution of wealth) --> dynamic pressures (local institutions/risk prep) ---> fragile livelihoods/unsafe locations (availability of resources/infrastructure)
Above is the progression of vulnerabililty associated with more factors fufilling criteria. Disaster comes when these combine with a hazard - 2Peek (N.D)An American social scientist. Carried out a recent study along side physical scientists.
A community study on the Gulf Coast follwoing the BP oil spill in 2010.
Oil spilled for 87 days. 180m gallons of oil leaked.
They carried out a population impact study.
1) focus groups. eg 20% of households lost income from the spill
2) Using secondary data from NOAA/BP to identify the worst hit regions. This formed a sampling approach for the study. Used this to understand how resource application could help people in the region. In the focus groups many people spoke about the impacts of the oil spill on their wider lives, confirming wisner's theory.
3) GIS mapping
A mixture of quantitative and qualitative work to benefit the community. - 3Cognitive science?Using behavioural models to understand behavioural responses.
Hazard is the indepent variable and the response is the dependent (Douglas 1985
Cognitive science is individualistic. It cannot be applied to everything and its perception is limited to certain lenses. - 4Psychometic PerspectiveMeasures relative influence of different cognitive factors in shaping the lay response.
Focuses onn mental strategies of heuristics - 5Adger 2006 on vulnerabilityThe degree to which a system is suseptible and able to cope with advserse effects.
- 6What are the social science approaches to vulnerabilityWe cant objectively measure vulnerability. Its a social construct.
3 Key Approaches
1)Natural Hazards Approach
simple potential for losses based on the risk. How likely what impacts?
2) Vulnerability as a pre existing condition
understanding the social circumstances that can influence an event and its impacts
3)Vulnerability as human ecology
Societal resistance. Chronic and embedded conditions.
Vulnerability is social constructed and embedded as well as resillience.
Resillient communities are less vulnerable (whittle et al 2010( - 7Whittle on resilienceWhittle 2010 = resillient communities are less vulnerable
- 83 key forms of resillienceEcological) adaptation to environemntal conditions (eg plug sockets up walls)
Evolutionary) dealing with sociocultural issues surrounding hazards. eg communities with Katrina.
Engineered = absolutist - 9What did McEntire 2002 say about resillienceA positive process of bounce back
- 10What is the social amplification of riskRisk can either be amplified or attuned.
Risk is communicated from the sender through to receiver through a series of stations. Each station views and understands the information through a different lens. - 11What are fatalists perceptions of riskNature is a lottery and outcomes are a function of chance
- 12What are hierarchists perceptions of riskNature is tolerant if treated with care. Outcomes can be managed to be sustainable
- 13What are individualists perception of risksNature is resillient. Outcomes are a personal responsibility
- 14What are egalitarians perception of riskNature is vulnerable. Outcomes require altuism and common effort
- 15What are the differences in vulnerability between physical and social sciencesPhysical sciences pay little attention to vulnerability.
Vulnerability differs with magnitude
Vulnerability assessment is most advanced in seismic analysis with the fragility curve.
Vulnerability as a paradox. THere is a call to measure something we cannot even properly define. For example, are we vulnerable to the earthquake hazard or the collapse of infrastructure. - 16what are the 3 frameworks for risk governanceDirect: nation state takes responsibility for risk management
Devolved: local level risk management
Collaborative: People question things and there is a move away from traditional knowledge - 174 functions of risk communication1) Education and enlightenment - inform the public of risks and handling.
2) Risking training & inducement of behavioural changes. - help people to cope with risks
3) Creation of confidence in the institutions responsible for the assessment and management of risk.
4) Involvement in risk related discussions and conflict resolution (pbulic and stakeholders). - 18Walter KellyWe have met the enemy. they are us.
- 19Smith K 2013Categorisation of hazards is rooted in the process of global change.
Disasters are concentrated in time and space = greater risk perception - 20Goncalves (2012)Disasters are not natural. They are consequences of decisions, often seemingly unconnected to their ultimate consequences
- 21D Hyndman 2014Elements of disasters are fractured. Similarities can be accessed across a broad range of scales
- 22D. Alexander (2000)Disasters are holistic. We need to achieve better marriage between the physical and social sciences.
Disaster mitigation goes hand in hand with socio economic development. - 23Quarantelli (1996)Tech has high potential in disaster mitigation and management but it will only be truly effective if it can interact with the sensitivity and flexibility of cultural systems
- 24Verdansky and Telihad 1920The perception of natural hazards relates to the interaction of the noosphere (personal interpretation) with the sociosphere within the atmo, bio, geo, hydro sphere. A conceptual realm that is unique and contested.
- 25Dixon 2011Studied tornado distribution in Dixie Valley. USA
Supposeldy a tornado hotspot.
Found dixie valley wasnt a unique hotspot and had the same threat from tornados as the rest of the great plaines.
How does this effect risk perception of the area. - 26Sabeti 2014How will we fight the next deadly virus. Following the ebola outbreak they sequenced the virus genome, but they couldnt work quick enough. They shared there research online so other scientists and decoders could help.
- 27GiddensTime space compression. Concentrating risks?
- 284 social science biasesoptimistic bias
overconfidence
Desire for certainty
Existence acceptance (do we accept therisk? - 29What are the two approaches to social sciences?Local positivist/psychological / psychometric:
Thoery led, individualistic, information and fact based. Hazard specific. Rational actor paradigm. Qualitative. critique = humans arent rational actors.
2) Sociological/ socio cultural
Data led. socially scaled. subjective actor paradigm. Ways of seeing. group specific. Qualitative. - 30Muchembled 1985Every day life is full of certain beliefs and customs as to ward of danger/ risks. Eg in early france kittens were drowned if they were born in the month of May
- 31Two trypes of probabilityFrequentist - grounded in statistics. Not used outside of the aleatory domain
Bayesian. Uses models and expert knowledge . addresses epsistemic uncertainty. - 32What should we look for in a useful indicatorApplicability - determining an objective way to determine the strength/force of a particular event
Consistency - is there consistency in the scale or will it be changed over time
Discrimation - do the diagnostics used to measure magnitude actually represent the magnitude.
Number of degrees. Are there lots of units within the scale? how does this aid categorisation? - 33Different types of uncertaintyAlleatory - randomness is irreducable in nature.
Epistemic - due to a lack of knowledge . - 34Paul 2011NBormal people dont process data the same way that scientists do
- 35Hanking 1990The science of probability was bought about due to the belief that rationalising, counting and ordering would brind disorder under control
- 36LuptonRisk can be good and bad. Now it only relates to negative outcomes.
A loose term that we apply in our daily lives. We risk relationships, finances and health. - 37Rigakos and Law (2009)Risk is not a phenomenom that already exists. Its a phenomenom that may happen sometime in the future, its an unrealised potentiality
- 38Hansonn 1979Learned Helplessness
- 39Shoebridge 2012Depending on the discipline you study, risk has different ontological and epistemological status.
We lack risk analysis frameowrks that would lead to the formation of resillient and sustainable communities. - 40D Hyndman 200Disasters crteate a culture of their own. That cuts across pre existing culutral boundaries
- 41RiskLikelihood of an event occuring plus the consequences. Risk includes the probable scale of impact
- 42ResillienceAbility to cope
- 43VulnerabilityThe potential consequences whilst risk includes a probable scale.
- 44Alexander (2000)Difficult to detach between risk and vulnerability. Becasue by taking a risk, vulnerability arises.
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- Geography Fichas sobre Volatile Planet Exam 1 , creado por Theo Smith el 10/05/2017.
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