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Autobiographical Memory
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- 1Autobiographical memory= specific memories and self-knowledge. Our self is our life narrative built from episodic and semantic memories.
- 2Theory of Representation (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000)Lifetime period
General event memories e.g. birthday parties, cycling to work, etc. Combined cumulative memories or extended events (holidays, etc)
Event specific memories e.g. 7th birthday party - 3Working Self (Conway, 2005)This is about how we see ourselves.
AM + goals + self-monitoring processes.
Includes a retrieval of information monitoring function - 4Coherence= the need for consistency between AM and the working self e.g. if you see yourself as a dog lover, you need to have memories of positive interactions with dogs
- 5Correspondence= the need for a match between AM and actual events
- 6BaddeleyIt is not possible to test that AM is really set up that way
There are lots of times when AM appears atypical e.g. it is unusually detailed, impaired or distorted by stress/disease - 7General weaknessIt is difficult to find adequate methods of testing AM
- 8Methods of testingDiary studies
Memory probes (giving cue words and asking ppts to recall a memory associated with it)
Major public events e.g. 9/11 - 9Linton (1975)Kept a 5 year diary with 2 entries for each day. Would randomly test herself on two flashcards on the order of the events and the date.
Found that the more a memory is probed, the easier it is to remember - 10Crovitz & Shiffman (1974)When given cues and asked to recall memories using them, people commonly recall memories from 16-25years and recent ones.
They don't recall many from early childhood (infancy amnesia). - 11Reminiscence Bump= the tendency to recall memories of events that happened between the ages of 16-25years.
- 12Conway (2005)Events taking place at ages 16-25 are novel and highly memorable.
Ages 16-25 is that maximal maturity for fronto-hippocampal regions. - 13Thomsen & Berntsen (2998)Changes in identity formation of the individual occur at ages 16-25
- 14Flashbulb Memories= seem to be remembered better than normal ones
- 15Now Print (Brown & Kulik, 1977)There is a special mechanism that leads the memories to be stronger and more accurate.
- 16Talarico & Rubin (2003)They are ordinary memories which are emotionally charged and socially significant. Errors are incorporated through retelling and are to do with the details so are consistent with meaning
- 17Tekcan et al (2003)If just the personal situation is considered, memory is more accurate
- 18Kensinger & Schacter (2006)The Red Sox beat the Yankees. Red Sox fans were more confident while Yankee fans were more accurate
- 19Holland & Kensinger (2010)We make upward comparisons between ourselves and others. We also remember positive memories more easily than negative ones. These are working self protective functions.
Emotional feelings alter the information processing and encoding of the memory - 20Loftus et al (1987) Heuer & Reisberg (2007) Wagenaar & Groeneweg (1990) Levine & Edelstein (2009)Weapon focus effect
Memory narrows onto emotional aspects of events
AM for emotional experiences only contains select details
Attention is captured by emotional details that are goal-relevant - 21Chipchase & Chapman (2013)Positive and negative images were shown for 2s and ppts had to move closer/farther away. Memory tests for specific details of the background and objects were given.
Specific recognition was better for negative objects
Recognition for neutral backgrounds was lowest when there was a negative object - 22PTSD often includes flashbacksAre these situationally and verbally accessible memories?
- 23Harvey & Bryant (2000)People in RTAs remember the details of the car being hit but not the accident
- 24Reappearance Hypothesis (Neisser, 1967)The same memory image can disappear and reappear over and over again
- 25Berntsen & Rubin (2008)PTSD 118 Danish ppts from the 2004 tsunami. 50% reported feeling intense fear and danger to life. 40% reported recurrent memories.
1504 ppts (18-64years) with recurring memories.
Frequency declines with age. Intensity and positivity increase with time.
Recall is not exact everytime.
They follow the same pattern as normal memories - 26Holland & Kensinger (2010)It is possible to use memory to reconstruct emotions
- 27Levine & Pizarro (2004)This requires explicit memory
- 28Emotional reconstruction is affected by:individual expectations (Mitchell et al, 1997)
cultural beliefs (Feldman-Barrett et al, 1998)
individual differences (Christensen et al, 2003) - 29Feldman-Barrett et al (1998)Women retrospectively report more emotion than men
- 30Fredrickson (2000)We reconstruct emotions using the time of highest arousal and the end of the episode
- 31Memory Accessibility Model (Robinson & Clore, 2002)Past feelings are not stored so cannot be recalled. They have to be reconstructed from semantic memories
- 32Williams et al (1997)People with depression have less rich and detailed memories
- 33Conway (1990)Memory is affected by self-esteem e.g. memory of amount of revision is affected by exam outcome
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- Fichas sobre Autobiographical Memory, creado por Alex Hickey el 13/05/2017.
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- Alex Hickey
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