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Introduction to Learning
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- 1Who are the two main men involved with empiricism? What are their main views?John Locke - all knowledge is a function of sensory experience (tabula rasa).
David Hume - 2 types of reasoning, analytical & from experience. - 2What is habituation?The REDUCTION in the effectiveness with which a stimulus elicits a response, if the stimulus is repeatedly applied with no ill effects.
- 3What is sensitisation?an INCREASE in responsiveness to a stimulus following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.
eg. hearing noise downstairs at night. - 4What is classical conditioning?The process by which innate behaviours come to be produced in new situations.
- 5What is associative learning?Learning about the association/relationship between two events that occur together. These events may or may not be casually related to one another.
- 6What is contingency?A predictive relationship between two events.
ie. the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of another. - 7What is operant conditioning?When a behaviour is performed in a certain situation and elicits a reward of some kind, the likelihood of that behaviour happening again in the same situation is INCREASED.
- 8Describe the difference between overt and covert responses.Overt - behaviour can be directly observable by others.
Covert - Perceived only by the person performing the behaviour. Internal responses. - 9What are the 5 schools of behaviourism?1. Watson's Methodological Behavioursm.
2. Hull's Neobehavioursm.
3. Tolman's Cognitive Behviourism
4. Bandura's Social Learning Theory
5. Skinner's Radical Behaviourism. - 10What are the main points of Watson's Methodological Behaviourism?- Focus on observable phenomenon
- all behaviours is initially reflexive and dependent on Darwinian evolution
- Learning is a simple connection between stimulus & response
- All human infants are born with a few reflexes and 3 main emotions (fear, love, rage) - 11What are the main points of Neobehaviourism?- Disagreed that unobservable events can't be studied
- Internal processes were assumed to have some characteristics as external processes.
- Environmental events -> internal events -> observable behaviour - 12What is deprivation?The prolonged absence of and event/stimulus that tends to INCREASE the appetitiveness of that event/stimulus.
- 13What is satiation?The prolonged exposure to, or consumption of, a stimulus which tends to DECREASE the appetitiveness of the stimulus and can even make it aversive.
- 14What are the main points of Cognitive behaviourism?- goal directed behaviour
- Mediators are not just physiological, but mental too.
- Tolman suggested that Ps learned expectancies which allows the anticipation of consequences of behaviour. - 15What is the Social Learning Theory?A cognitive behavioural approach that strongly emphasises the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behaviour.
- 16What are the main points of Radical Behaviourism?- Emphasises the influence of environment on both external and internal events.
- Rejects use of internal events to explain behaviour.
- Views thoughts & feelings as behaviours to be explained. - 17Describe Pavlov's Dog experiment.Before: NS (bell) does not lead to salivation
During: NS + US (food) -> UR (salivation)
After: NS -> CR (Salivation)
*You can get learning between the NS and a US that naturally produces a UR - 18Describe the difference between appetitive and aversive.Appetitive - US is a pleasant event that an organism seeks out. (food, water, drugs)
Aversive - US is an unpleasant event that the organism usually avoids. (electric shock) - 19Stronger US's and NS's produce more.......rapid conditioning than less intense Us's and NS's.
- 20What is extinction?When a CR can be weakened or eliminated when the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of
the US.
However, the CR can be quickly re-acquired after pairing with US. - 21What is disinhibition?Recovery of response during extinction when a novel stimulus is introduced.
- 22What is high order conditioning?Classical conditioning of a CS can also result in the development of a conditioned response of a stimulus that WILL BE associated with the CS.
eg wasps and rubbish bins. - 23What is sensory pre-conditioning?Classical conditioning of a CS can also result in the development of a conditioned response of a stimulus that HAS BEEN associated with the CS.
eg wasps and trees - 24What is latent learning? Describe Tolman's rat study which illustrates this.- Learning occurs despite the absence of any observable demonstration of learning only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions.
3 groups of rats trained in a complex maze. 1 groups rewarded when they found end, other 2 not. On 11th day, the non-rewarded groups were rewarded. The next day, the non-rewarded group out performed the rewarded group. - 25Name the 3 limitations of classical conditioning.1. Overshadowing - the more salient member of a compound is more readily conditioned as a CS and interferes with conditioning of the lesser stimulus.
2. Blocking - the presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning of new stimulus.
3. Latent inhibition - A familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition than an unfamiliar one. - 26What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?Responses that are rewarded become stronger. Responses that are ignored/punished become weaker. It is the CONSEQUENCES that determine whether the behaviour will be repeated.
- 27What is is the Premack Principle?Reinforcers are all high probability activities. More probable activities will reinforce less probable activities.
eg. if I do my coursework, I can go out. - 28What is positive reinforcement? Give an example.The administration of a positive stimulus following a behaviour. This leads to increased likelihood of that behaviour being repeated.
eg. If you clean your room, you can have chocolate. - 29What is negative reinforcement? Give an example.The removal of a negative stimulus following the performance of a behaviour. This leads to increased likelihood of repeated behaviour.
eg. Writing voluntarily eliminates low grades, so the writing behaviour is reinforced. - 30What is positive punishment? Give an example.The administration of a negative stimulus following the performance of a behaviour. This means decreased likelihood of repetition of that behaviour.
eg. Writing a rubbish essay that receives a low grade, so you end up writing less in the future. - 31What is negative punishment? Give an example.The removal of a positive stimulus following the performance of an undesirable behaviour. This means decreased likelihood of repetitive behaviour.
eg. You stay out all night and loose your wallet, so your frequency of going out decreases - 32What is a reflex?A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.
- 33Describe orientation, startle and flexion responses.Orientation- automatic positioning of oneself to attend to a stimulus.
Startle - Defensive reaction a sudden, unexpected stimulus which involves tightening of skeletal muscles and various visceral changes.
Flexion - the jerking of one's hand/foot away from hot/sharp object. - 34Define a fixed action patter. What is a sign stimulus/releaser?A sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.
A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern. - 35Distinguish between long-term and short-term habituation.LTH: the response slowly decreases as a result of repeated stimulation and slowly recovers in its absence.
STH: the response quickly decreases and quickly recovers. - 36Define the opponent-process theory.Proposes that an emotional event elicits 2 competing processes. 1) an a-process directly elicited by the event. 2) b-process which is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.
- 37Define US, UR, CS, CR.US: A stimulus that naturally elicits a reponse.
UR: The response that is naturally elicited by the US.
CS: Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it as been associated with an US.
CR: The response, often similar to the UR, that is elicited by the CS. - 38Define acquisition.The process of developing and strengthening a CR through repeated pairings of NS and US.
- 39What is temporal conditioning? Give an example.A form of classical conditioning where the CS is the passage of time.
e.g. If a dog is fed every 10 minutes, he will start salivating towards the end of the 10 minute interval.
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- Fichas sobre Introduction to Learning , creado por livi.sheppard20 el 26/05/2014.
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- livi.sheppard20 · may 2014
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- 6 abr 2018
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