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PSYA4 Research Methods
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- 1Research Methodsby Constance Egbemhenghe
- 2What are the major features of Science?CORE
- Control : control of extraneous variables
- Objectivity : based on facts.
- Reliability : consistency of results after re-test.
- Empiricism : factual and verifiable evidence - 3What is peer review?wervsV
- 4Benefits of Peer reviewrgqbqerb
- 5Flaws of Peer reviewefwer
- 63 Different Experiment types?Lab : controlled environment.
Field : natural environment
Field : natural environment w/ pre-existing IV. - 73 Experiment Designs?Repeated Measures : one group in both conditions.
Independent Groups : two groups in separate conditions.
Matched pairs : independent groups where ppts are matched on key aspects e.g. age. - 8Random Sampling?Each ppt has equal chance of being selected.
- 9Opportunity Sampling?Selecting ppts from those that are most readily available.
- 10Volunteer Sampling?Placing an ad in which ppts volunteer e.g. in audience's magazine.
+ EAGER PPTS sometimes drawn in by incentive e.g. money.
- NOT REPRESENTATIVE. - 11What is Reliability?Extent to which results/procedures are consistent.
- 12Assessing Reliability - ObservationInter-rater Reliability : observers do procedure independently and compare after looking for +0.8 correlation.
- 13Improving Reliability - Observation- operationalise behavioural categories.
- conduct pilot study.
- training on conducting a successful observation. - 14Assessing Reliability - Questionnaire EXTERNAL - Test Re-test INTERNAL - Inter-rater Reliability (looking for strong +ve correlation)Improving Reliability
-Standardise instructions
- Blind/Double Blind rater to remove observer bias
-take out misleading questions. - 15What is Validity?When an experiment/questionnaire measures what it set out to measure.
- 16Issues of Validity - Observation - Experimenter Bias :Improving Validity
- Blind experimenter (doesn't know conditions)
- Double Blind experimenter (doesn't know aim or conditions) - 17Issues of Validity - Experiment INTERNAL - Extraneous Variables EXTRERNAL - 1. Ecological Validity 2. Population ValidityImproving Validity
- conduct natural/field experiment
- larger samples - 18Issues of Validity - Questionnaire -Face validity : does the measuring tool measure what its supposed to? -Concurrent validity : new test scores are compared to established pre-existing test scores.Improving Validity
- If questions are inappropriate take them out e.g. open questions or misleading questions. - 19Ethical Considerationsfds.gjnwerGB'OER
- 20Central Tendencies - MeanGood for .............
- 21Central Tendencies - ModeGood for ............
- 22Central Tendencies - MedianGood for ........
- 23What is a Type 1 error?When you rejected the null hypothesis when you should have accepted it as the probability was too high.
occurs when p 0.10 or p 0.20. - 24What is a Type 2 error?When you accepted the null hypothesis when you should have rejected it because the probability was too low.
occurs when p 0.01. - 25What is CONTENT ANALYSIS?Process used to analyse qualitative data in which themes, issues and patterns are identified and categorised.
- 26SignificanceResults are
SIGNIFICANT if we reject the null hypothesis.
INSIGNIFICANT if we accept the null hypothesis. - 27Types of Data- Nominal: Discrete Categoric Data e.g. 1 2 3 items.
- Ordinal: Ordered data e.g. ranking
- Interval: Continuous Data. e.g. any number. - 28Which Statistical Test ?kugiugukg
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- psya4 research methode flash cards.
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