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Chapter 5: Learning
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- 1Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning is influenced by antecedents.
- 2Operant ConditioningOperant conditioning is influenced by consequence.
- 3Conditioned ResponseA learned, reflex like response to a conditioned stimulus.
- 4Conditioned StimulusA stimulus that leads to a conditioned response, and is paired with unconditioned stimulus to build association. At the same time, the conditioned stimulus should be distinctive from the natural stimulus.
- 5Gambling Reinforcement ScheduleVariable ratio.
- 6Little Albert ExperimentBaby conditioned to fear white rabbit with a loud sound.
- 7PunishmentOpposite of reinforcement, meant to discourage a behavior..
- 8Schedules of ReinforcementHow often reinforcement is given to subject.
- 9Fixed IntervalA specific amount of time must pass before reinforcement is given.
- 10Fixed RatioBehavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses.
- 11Variable IntervalA specific amount of time must pass before reinforcement is given.
- 12Variable RatioBehavior is reinforced after a random number of responses.
- 13Latent LearningLearning that remains unknown until it’s application is useful or needed, then it is revealed.
- 14InsightAha-Moment, Eureka.
- 15High-Order ConditioningStrong conditioned stimulus is paired with a new conditioned stimulus, the new stimulus then becomes a second conditioned stimulus along with the first one.
- 16Conditioned Taste AversionDevelopment of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction. This may occur after only one association.
- 17Biological PreparednessTendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea after one or few pairings as a means of survival. (Ex. Birds do not eat anything that looks like a monarch bc monarchs are poisonous.)
- 18Thorndike’s Law of EffectIf a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If followed by unpleasurable consequence, it will tend to not be repeated.
- 19BiofeedbackUse of feedback about involuntary responses to bring it under control. (Ex. Telling a patient about their blood pressure so they can manage it.)
- 20Instinctive DriftSome animals cannot to be conditioned to certain behaviors regardless of conditions, due to instinct.
- 21Shaping/Successive ApproximationReinforcement of simple steps leading to a desired complex behavior (Ex. Training pigeon to spin around)
- 22Edward ThorndikeKnown for his puzzle box cat experiments, with which he discovered reinforcing behaviors have a positive effect on the learning process (operant conditioning.)
- 23Ivan PavlovKnown for his bell and salivating dog experiment, with which he discovered behaviors can be conditioned (classical conditioning.)
- 24Alfred BanduraConducted the Bobo Doll study, supported vicarious/observational learning.
- 25KohlerStudied chimpanzees ability to problem solve. Hung a banana on the ceiling in an empty room with two boxes. The chimp demonstrated insight learning, and figured out he must stack the boxes to reach the banana.
- 26Edward TolmanBest-known experiments involved individually teaching 3 groups of rats to get through a maze:
- Group 1: Rewarded each time at end of maze, learned maze quickly. (Continuous reinforcement)
- Group 2: In maze everyday, only rewarded on 10th day, demonstrated learning of the maze almost immediately after receiving reward. (Fixed Interval)
- Group 3: Never rewarded, did not learn maze well. - 27BF SkinnerSkinner showed how negative reinforcement worked by placing a rat in his Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort.
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- College PSY 200 Fichas sobre Chapter 5: Learning, creado por Sarahy Perez el 28/10/2022.
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