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cranial nerves
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- 1cranial nerve 1the olfactory nerve - a sensory nerve for the sense of smell.
- 2where does the information for the olfactory nerve travel and where is it translatedit arises (originates) from the cerebrum, exits skull through the cribriform plate and smell information is transmitted and translated in the limbic system (olfactory bulb).
- 3pathalogical signs of olfactory nerve and how to test for themloss of smell (anosmia)
test by asking patient to identify odours while one of their nostrils is blocked.
ask for sense of smell. - 4cranial nerve 2optic nerve - a sensory nerve which transmits visual information from retina to optic chiasm. also responsible for the light reflex and accomodation reflex (constriction and dilation of pupils)
- 5where does the optic nerve traveloriginates in the midbrain, travels through the optic canal, transmits information from retina to optic chiasm
- 6pathalogical signs of optic nerveloss of vision/colour - you can test with a va test (snellen test)
- 7cranial nerve 3ocular motor nerve - a motor nerve which supplies all extraocular muscles besides the lateral rectus and superior oblique. movement of the eye.
Also supplies:
Levator palpebrae superioris – (somatic)
Ciliary & iris muscles – (autonomic/parasympathetic) - 8where does the oculor motor nerve traveloriginates in the anterior aspect of the midbrain exits from there, travels through cavernous sinus and SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE then to the eye
- 9ocular motor nerve palsybefore reaching the cavernous sinus the cranial nerve runs towards the posterior communicating artery. an aneurysm will cause pressure on the CN3 and cause a palsy
- 10pathalogical signs of the ocular motor nerve- ptosis (droopy eyelid)
- mydriasis (dilated pupil)
- eye down and out
- diplopia (may not be noticable if eye has ptosis) - 11how to test for ocularmotor nervetest by opening right eyelid and shining light into the eye. If the pupil constricts it is normal, if it gets larger or has sluggish response it's abnormal.
- 12cranial nerve 4 (IV)trochlear nerve - the longest and thinnest cranial nerve so prone to injury. motor nerve which supplies the superior oblique
- 13where does the trochlear nerve traveloriginates and leaves via the posterior aspect of the midbrain. dessucates when it leaves and travels through SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE to reach and innervate superior oblique
- 14pathalogical signsdiplopia. test by asking if patient can move eye 'down and in'
- 15cranial nerve 5trigimenal nerve - largest cranial nerve. split into three divisions (V1 OPTHALMIC, V2 MAXILALRY, V3 MANDIBULAR).
- 16V1 opthalmic nervesplits into three divisions. lacrimal, frontal and nasocillary nerve.
- 17where do the three main branches of the opthalmic nerve travel through?superior orbital fissure
- 18lacrimal nervebranch of v1
The lacrimal nerve which is a parasympathetic nerve which supplies lacrimal duct in secretion of lacrimal tears. It also supplies the conjunctiva and skin of lateral lid. - 19frontal nervebranch of V1
The frontal nerve - Sensory nerve which supplies the nasal and middle two-third of the upper eyelid - 20Nascoiliary nervebranch of v1
Nascoiliary nerve – long ciliary nerves branch (sympathetic) that innervates the iris, ciliary body, cornea, conjunctiva of upper eyelid, root of the nose, lacrimal sac and caruncle. - 21V2 maxillary nervesensory nerves supplies to the skin of the lower lid, nose, cheeks, and upper lip.
- 22where does the maxillary nerve pass throughThe maxillary division passes through the foramen rotundum. It then travels via pterygopalatine fossa and enters orbit via the inferior orbital fissure.
The nerve is then called the infraorbital nerve once it enters the orbital fissure. - 23how to test for maxillary nerveTest using cotton bud and if patient can feel the cotton bud on their face
- 24mandibular nervebranch 3 of trigimenal nerve. both sensory (supplies area near cheeks and ears) and motor (muscles of chewing - Masseter
Medial and lateral pterygoids
Temporalis) - 25where does the v3 pass throughforamen ovale
- 26cranial nerve 6abducens nerve - supplies lateral rectus motor
- 27abducens travels..- Leaves anterior midbrain (front midbrain) at junction between pons and medulla and runs within subarachnoid space
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
Travels forward to lie within the cavernous sinus (covered only by its endothelium); related inferolaterally (below and the side) to the internal carotid artery - 28pathalogical signs of abducens nervediplopia, test by having patient move eye
- 29cranial nerve 7facial nerve - sensory and motor nerve
Originates (starts) at Pons and travels through the parotid gland to reach face
Divides further into 5 main branches after the parotid gland.
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS - 30functions of CN7Motor - Muscles of Facial Expressions
Sensory – Taste Anterior (front) 2/3 of tongue and small area around external ear
Secretomotor/parasympathetic – Saliva + Lacrimal Secretion via the greater petrosal nerve and chorda tympani - 31pathalogical signs of cn7Unilateral Facial Weakness
Loss of Corneal Reflex
Change in taste sensation (Ant. 2/3 of tongue)
TEST BY ask patients to look up or wrinkle forehead - 32MOTOR BRANCHES OF CN7Five motor branches:
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical - 33cranial nerve 8vestibochlear nerve - Has sensory functions. The vestibular nerve controls balance and innervates the vestibular system of the inner ear and the cochlear nerve controls hearing and innervates the cochlea in the inner ear.
- 34pathalogical signs cn8Pathalogical signs include loss of hearing, vertigo (room spins) and Nystagmus (eyes flick back and forth). Vestibular function can be evaluated by testing for nystagmus.
- 35cranial nerve 8 travels..The vestibulocochlear nerve starts in the pons and medulla and then travels to inner ear. The nerve also exits the cranium via the internal acoustic meatus where it splits into two. The vestibular and cochlear nerve.
- 36cranial nerve 9The glossopharyngeal nerve - Supplies the throat, tongue, parotid, carotid
Has both sensory and motor functions. Motor functions include the swallowing muscles (Stylopharyngeus muscle). Sensory includes the taste of the back 1/3 of tongue and middle ear cavity and eustachian tube
Also has secretomotor functions in the parotid gland. Salivation. - 37pathalogical signs cn9Pathological signs include problems swallowing. test by The motor division of CN 9 & 10 is tested by having the patient say "ah" or "kah".
- 38cranial nerve 10vagus nerve -
Has both motor and sensory functions. Motor functions include a Parasympathetic supply to all organs from neck to mid-colon (except adrenals).
Sensory functions include Help with homeostatis via chemoreceptors (02 + C02) - 39vagus nerve travels..The vagus nerve starts in the medulla oblogonata, and exits the cranium via the jugular foramen to supply the throat, thorax, abdomen
- 40pathalogical signs CN10Pathalogical signs include a raised blood pressure and tachycardia test by The motor division of CN 9 & 10 is tested by having the patient say "ah" or "kah".
- 41cranial nerve 11the accessory nerve
Has purely motor functions. Supplies the Trapezius + Sternocleidomastoids muscles. ( Sternum mastoid and clavicles ) - 42accessory nerve travelsThe accessory nerve originates in the medulla and exits the cranium through the jugular foramen to the neck
- 43cranial nerve 11 pathalogiCAL signsPathalogical signs include Inability to shrug/turn head. TEST BY The 11th (spinal accessory) cranial nerve is evaluated by testing the muscles it supplies: For the sternocleidomastoid, the patient is asked to turn the head against resistance supplied by the examiner's hand while the examiner palpates the active muscle (opposite the turned head).
- 44cranial nerve 12the hypoglossal nerve - Has motor functions which include the tongue muscles
- 45hypoglossal nerve travels..The hypoglossal nerve Comes from Medulla and exits from hypoglossal canal to tongue
- 46pathalogical signs of CN12Pathological Signs include Tongue deviates towards side of weakness. The 12th (hypoglossal) cranial nerve is evaluated by asking the patient to extend the tongue and inspecting it for atrophy, fasciculations, and weakness (deviation is toward the side of a lesion).
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- Fichas sobre cranial nerves , creado por Sozan Al Asali el 19/12/2022.
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- Sozan Al Asali
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