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F322 KEY WORDS
Fichas del conjunto (76)
- 1Addition PolymerA very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules ( monomers)
- 2Addition PolymerisationThe process in which monomers add on to a growing chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecule chain (addition polymer)
- 3Addition ReactionA reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
- 4Alicyclic hydrocarbonA hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
- 5Aliphatic hydrocarbonA hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
- 6AlkanesThe homologous series with the general formula:
- 7Atom EconomyMolecular mass of desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products
- 8Alkyl GroupAn alkane with a hydrogen atom removed e.g.CH3
- 9Biodegradable materialA substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.
- 10Carbocationis an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.
- 11CatalystA substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
- 12Cis-trans isomerisationSpecial type of E/Z isomerism, which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen on each C of the C=C. Cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on the same side. Trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on opposite sides.
- 13CrackingRefers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.
- 14Curly ArrowA symbol used in a reaction mechanism to show the movement of an electron pair in the formation or breaking of a covalent bond.
- 15DehydrationAn elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
- 16Displayed formulaShows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
- 17ElectrophileAn atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
- 18Electrophilic additionA type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, whee it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
- 19Elimination ReactionRefers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
- 20EsterificationThe reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
- 21E/Z isomerismA type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space due to the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
- 22Fractional DistillationThe separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling points by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
- 23FragmentationThe process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a a positive fragment ion.
- 24Functional GroupThe part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions.
- 25Heterolytic FissionThe breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming ions.
- 26Homologous SeriesA series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
- 27Homolytic FissionBreaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
- 28HydrocarbonsOrganic compounds that contain carbon and oxygen only.
- 29HydrolysisA reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
- 30InitiationFirst step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals and generated by ultraviolet radiation.
- 31Limiting ReagentThe substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
- 32MechanismA sequence of steps chowing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.
- 33Molecular Ion, M+The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
- 34MonomerSmall molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
- 35NucleophileAn atom that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
- 36Nucleophilic SubstitutionA type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
- 37Pi-bondReactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals.
- 38PolymerA long molecular chain built up from monomer units.
- 39RadicalA species with an unpaired electron.
- 40Radical SubstitutionIs a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.
- 41RefluxThe continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
- 42Repeat UnitSpecific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again.
- 43Saturated HydrocarbonA hydrocarbon with single bonds only.
- 44Skeletal formulais a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
- 45StereoisomersCompounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of atoms in space.
- 46Structural FormulaShows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
- 47Structural IsomersMolecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangement of atoms.
- 48Substitution reactionA reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.
- 49TerminationThe step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
- 50Unsaturated hydrocarbonsA hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon double bonds.
- 51VolatilityThe ease that a liquid turns into a gas. Volatility increases as boiling point decreases.
- 52% YieldActual amount, in mol, of product
- 53Enthalpy, HThe heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
- 54ExothermicRefers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings.
- 55EndothermicRefers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings.
- 56Enthalpy Profile DiagramA diagram for a reaction to compare the enthalpy of the reactants with the enthalpy of the products.
- 57Activation EnergyThe minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
- 58Standard ConditionsA pressure of 100kPa (1atmosphere); a stated temperature, usually 298K (25C); a concentration of 1.0 moldm-3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
- 59Standard StateThe physical state of a substance under the standard conditions of 100kPa and 298K.
- 60Standard Enthalpy Change of CombustionThe enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
- 61Standard Enthalpy Change of FormationThe enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of compound is formed from the constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions.
- 62Specific Heat CapacityThe energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1'C
- 63Bond EnthalpyThe enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
- 64Average Bond EnthalpyThe average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
- 65Hess' LawStates that, if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.
- 66Enthalpy CycleA diagram showing alternative route between reactants and products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess' Law.
- 67Rate of reactionThe change in concentration of a reactant or a product in a given time.
- 68Heterogeneous CatalysisA catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants; frequently, reactants are gases whilst the catalyst is a solid.
- 69Homogeneous CatalysisCatalysis of a reaction in which the catalstt and reactants are in the same physical state, which is most frequently the aqueous or gaseous state.
- 70Boltzmann DistributionThe distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph.
- 71Dynamic EquilibriumThe equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
- 72Le Chatelier's PrincipleStates that when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change.
- 73Greenhouse EffectThe process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet's surface.
- 74TroposphereThe lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface to about 7km (above the poles) and to about 20km (above the tropics).
- 75StratosphereThe second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, containing the 'ozone layer', about 10km to 50km above the earth's surface.
- 76AbsorptionThe process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid.