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1. Hip Hop
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- 1InstrumentationVocals (predominantly male) – rapping; drum machine , record decks (turntables), samplers, synthesisers; sometimes with live instruments like guitars, keyboards, drums, percussion, bass, saxophone and other horns
- 2Performance and ArrangementsBased mainly on repeating rhythmic patterns – loops
Melodic elements are usually short motifs
Use of riffs, often repetitive
Sometimes no bass line
Unusual, unique timbres created by DJs using scratch techniques on record decks – this involves manipulating the playback of a record, moving it quickly back and forth, speeding up and slowing down
Harmonic elements often have little importance, no large-scale chord patterns or complex harmony
Rappers – often several in a group – perform over the beats provided by the DJ - 3Performance and ArrangementsRap is rarely melodic – emphasis is on intricate rhythmic delivery and phrasing
Frequent use of call and response chants
Use of beat boxing – rappers imitating the sound of drum machines and other instruments vocally
Songs usually have a verse-chorus type structure, with a chorus based on a refrain with catchy hooks, often delivered by several rappers - 4Technology and ProductionOriginal hip-hop artists used two or more record decks to play instrumental grooves – often drum and bass breaks – while mixing in other patterns or short hits from other records
Later styles also used samplers to create loops (e.g. sampled directly from a DJ using decks), DJ scratching, and create unique sounds by reversing, pitch-shifting and filtering
Special effects from synthesisers/non-pitched sound effects
Drum machines used instead of or alongside loops created by DJs
Music often has a lo-fi quality
Deep bass frequencies – often from kick-drum sounds - 5Key Facts and Terminology‘Rap’ generally refers to the music, and ‘hip hop’ to the complete culture surrounding the music
Started in the mid-to-late 1970s in New York, block parties were part of the culture of the young black population in areas like the Bronx, with big speaker stacks and powerful amps use to play loud dance music. The idea of DJs playing stripped-down instrumental dance records with a MC (master of ceremonies) chatting on a microphone is similar to the toasting used by reggae sound systems
Dancers created a style called break-dancing – a combination of gymnastics and dance
The recording and release of rap songs only started in the late 70s – until then it was just about the parties - 6Key Facts and TerminologyRap didn’t have much commercial success in the early 80s, though some songs did become international hit. The sound had an influence on pop music; the way beats were put together, using sampled loops and scratching, was copied by producers. The early sound became known as old-school rap
Run-D.M.C. and The Beastie Boys were some of the first acts to gain consistent chart success in the late 80s and into the 90s; their sound used more drum machines and synths than loops taken from records. This era became known as the golden age of rap. Many songs had lyrics that dealt with serious issues – the social situation of African Americans, and political issues. Public enemy was known for this style of hip hop and was successful from the mid-80s to the early 90s; their sound was hard, heavy and thick, with edgy rhythms and delivery of raps, to match the gravity of the messages - 7Key Facts and TerminologyThis evolved into the much more hard-line stance of 'gangsta' rap, which promotes violence against enemies and society in general, and a criminal gang lifestyle. Women are treated as objects to be bought and pimping is promoted and glorified. Acts like N.W.A were forerunners of this approach, and made West Coast hip hop from Los Angeles a more popular style than the East Coast (New York) dominated previous styles. Dr Dre was originally a member of N.W.A., and went on to become one of the foremost producers in hip hop, working with many artists including Eminem
West Coast hip pop has a smoother, more funk-influenced sound than East Coast hip hop and this helped it achieve more commercial success, which by the early 90s was becoming widespread and continues currently – rap has been at the forefront of pop-chart success throughout the 2000s
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- AS - Level (Set Styles) Music Tech Fichas sobre 1. Hip Hop, creado por Ben Mussell el 14/02/2017.
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- Ben Mussell
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