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Unit 1 chemistry - definitions
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- 1Relative isotopic massThe mass of an atom of the isotope, compared with one-twelfth of the mass of carbon-12.
- 2Relative molecular massThe weighted mean mass of a molecule, compared with one-twelfth of the mass of carbon-12.
- 3AnhydrousA molecule containing no water molecules
- 4Simple molecular latticeA 3-D structure of molecules, bonded together by weak intermolecular forces.
- 5ShellA group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number/same main energy level.
- 6AlkaliA type of base that dissolves in water, forming hydroxide ions.
- 71st Ionisation energyThe energy required to remove one electron in each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms, to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.
- 8IonA positively or negatively charged atom.
- 9AcidA proton donor
- 10Intermolecular forceAn attractive force between neighbouring molecules.
- 112nd Ionisation energyThe energy required to remove an electron from each ion in one mole of gaseous 1+ ions, to form one mole of gaseous 2+ ions.
- 12Successive ionisation energiesA measure of the energy required to remove each electron in turn.
- 13Hydrogen bondA strong dipole dipole set traction, between an electron deficient hydrogen atom on one molecule, and a highly electronegative molecule (O,N) on another.
- 14PeriodA horizontal row of elements in the periodic table, showing trends.
- 15SaltA chemical compound formed from an acid, when a H+ ion from the acid has been replaced by a metal ion or another positive ion.
- 16PeriodicityA regular periodic variation of properties of elements with atomic number and position in the periodic table.
- 17HydratedCrystalline and containing water molecules
- 18GroupA vertical column in the periodic table, involving elements with the same number of electrons in their outer shell, and similar chemical properties.
- 19ReductionA gain of electrons and loss in oxidation number.
- 20OxidationA loss in electrons and gain in oxidation number
- 21ElectronegativityA measure of the attraction of a bonded atom, for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.
- 22Reducing agentA reagent that reduces/adds electrons to another species.
- 23Giant metallic latticeA three dimensional structure of positive ions and delocalised electrons, held together by strong metallic bonds.
- 24Oxidising agentA reagent that increases/removes electrons from mother species.
- 25Electron configurationThe arrangement of electrons in an atom.
- 26Giant ionic latticeA three dimensional structure of positive and negative ions held together by strong ionic bonds.
- 27Redox reactionA reaction involving both reduction and oxidation.
- 28Principal quantum numberA number representing the relative overall energy level for each orbital, which increases with distance from the nucleus.
- 29Thermal decompositionThe breaking up of a chemical substance, with heat into at east two different substances.
- 30Oxidation numberA measure of the number of electrons that an atom uses to bond with atoms of another element.
- 31Giant covalent bondA three dimensional structure of atoms, bonded together by strong covalent bonds.
- 32Van der waals forcesVery weak attractive forces between induced dipoles in neighbouring molecules.
- 33Sub-shellA group of the same type of atomic orbitals e.g. s,p,d,f
- 34MoleculeA small group of atoms held together by a covalent bond
- 35Empirical formulaeThe simplest, whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in. Compound.
- 36Polar moleculeA molecule that has an overall dipole, taking into account any dipoles across bonds.
- 37Polar covalent bondA bond with a permanent dipole.
- 38Electron shieldingThe repulsion between electron in different inner shells.
- 39Permanent dipole-dipole forceAn attractive force between permanent dipoles in neighbouring polar molecules.
- 40Permanent dipoleA small charge difference across a bond resulting from a difference in electronegativities of the bonded atoms.
- 41DisproportionationThe oxidation and reduction of the same element in a redox reaction.
- 42Displacement reactionA reaction in which a more active element displaces a less active element from an aqueous solution of the latter's ions.
- 43Delocalised electronsElectrons that are shared between more than two atoms
- 44Dative covalent bondA shared pair of electrons which has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only.
- 45Covalent bondA bond formed by a shared pair of electrons
- 46ConcentrationThe amount of solute, in moles per 1000cm3 of solution.
- 47CompoundA substance formed by two or more chemically bonded elements in a fixed ratio, usually shown by a chemical formula
- 48CationA positively charged ion
- 49Molecular formulaThe number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
- 50MoleThe amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 isotope.
- 51Molar volumeThe volume per mole of a gas.
- 52CatalystA substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing a smaller activation energy and alternative reaction pathway, and is not used up in the process.
- 53Molar mass (M)The mass per mole of a substance.
- 54BaseA species that is a proton acceptor
- 55Metallic bondThe electrostatic attraction between fixed positive ions and a sea of delocalised electrons.
- 56Mass numberThe number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- 57Avogadro constantThe number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope
6.023x10 to the power of 23 - 58Lone pairAn outer shell pair of electrons that are not involved in chemical bonding.
- 59Atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus
- 60Limiting reagentThe substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
- 61StoichiometryThe molar relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction.
- 62Standard solutionA solution of known concentration. (Normally used in titrations)
- 63SpeciesAny type of particle that takes part in a reaction.
- 64IsotopesAtoms of the same element with different mass numbers and different number of neutrons in the nucleus (but the Same proton number)
- 65OrbitalA region of space within an atom that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins.
- 66Relative atomic massThe weighted mean mass of an atom of an element, compared with one-twelfth of the mass of carbon-12 which is taken as 12 exactly
- 67Spectator ionsIons that are present, but do it take part in the chemical reaction.
- 68Ionic bondThe electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- 69Relative formula massThe weighted mean mass of a formula unit, compared with one-twelfth of the mass of carbon-12.
- 70AnionA negatively charged ion
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- A-Levels Chemistry Fichas sobre Unit 1 chemistry - definitions, creado por ChloC el 16/05/2013.
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