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Individual variations

Intelligence

What is intelligence?

Experts describe it as the ability to solve problems.

Others: the capacity to adapt and learn from experience.

Intelligence test

Individual intelligence test

The two main intelligence tests administered to children are the Stanford Binet test and the Wechsler scales. .

Group intelligence test

Group intelligence tests are more convenient and economical than individual tests, but they do have their drawbacks

Theories of multiple intelligences

Sternberg´s triarchic theory

Gardner´s Eight Frames of mind

Emotional inteligence

Analytical intelligence involves the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Creative intelligence consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

Practical intelligence focuses on the ability to use, apply, implement, and put into practice.

Verbal skills: The ability to think in words and to use language to express meaning

Mathematical skills: The ability to carry out mathematical operations

Spatial skills: The ability to think three-dimensionally

Bodily-kinesthetic skills: The ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept

Musical skills: A sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone

Intrapersonal skills: The ability to understand oneself and eff ectively direct one’s life

Naturalist skills: The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natu�ral and human-made systems

Interpersonal skills: The ability to understand and eff ectively interact with oth�ers

Other theorists who emphasize interpersonal, intrapersonal, and practical aspects of intelligence focus on what is called emotional intelligence.

Controversies and issues in intelligence

Learning and thinking styles

Impulsive/reflective styles

Deep/surface styles

Personality

Personality and temperament

Temperament

Nature and nurture

Nature refers to a child’s biological inheritance, nurture to environmental experiences

Ethicity and culture

Ethnic Comparisons

Cultural Bias and Culture-Fair Tests

Culture-fair tests

Referred to as conceptual tempo, they involve a student’s ten�dency either to act quickly and impulsively or to take more time to respond and reflect on the accu�racy of the answer

Involve whether students approach learning materials in a way that helps them understand the meaning of the materials (deep style) or to learn only what needs to be learned (surface style).

Distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

A person’s behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.