Chronic Azotemia

CHRONIC AZOTEMIA

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is kidney impairment that lasts for ≥ 3 months, implying that it is irreversible, and is typically defined as a decrease in kidney function and/or other signs of persistent kidney damage for ≥ 3 months.

ETIOLOGY

The causes of CKD are similar to AKI, and can be classified as prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal. The most common causes of CKD are by large margin Diabetes and hypertension.

COMPLICATIONS

- Metabolic Acidosis

- Ca and P disorders.

- Calciphylaxis

- Cardiovascular abnormalities

- Ischemic Vascular disease

- Heart failure

- Ventricular hypertrophy

-Pericardial disease

- Hematologic Abnormalities

- Anemia

- Others: neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, nutritional, etc.

DIAGNOSIS

- History and physical examination

- Laboratory investigation: Serum and urine protein electrophoresis, Hb, B12. Vit D, folate, etc.

- Imaging studies: renal ultrasound.

- Renal biopsy

TREATMENT

Consists of measures to help control signs and symptoms, reduce complications, and slow the progression of the disease. If your kidneys become severely damaged, you may need treatment for end-stage kidney disease.

TREATING COMPLICATIONS

- High blood pressure.

- Reduce cholesterol levels.

- Anemia: supplements of erythropoietin.

- Swelling : Diuretics medication.

- Medication to protect bones.

TREATMENT FOR END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE

- Dialysis

- Kidney transplant

SIGNS

- A decrease of GFR (Note: CKD patients can have a normal GFR.)

- Proteinuria

- Glomerular hematuria

- Imaging findings

- Pathologic findings on kidney biopsy

Maeva Játiva A.

7mo "A"