Particles

Particles

1. Specific Charge

   • Charge / Mass
   • Charge is same - 1.6 x 10^-19
   • Mass
     • Electron = Ion 9.11 x 10^-31
     • Proton = Nuclei 1.67 x 10^-27
   • Nuclei or Ions (number of protons or electrons / mass no) X (specific charge)
   • Electrons have the largest specific charge

2. Isotopes

   • Atom of an element with same number protons, different number of neutrons
   • Notation
     • A - atomic mass - protons and neutrons in nucleus
     • Z - atomic number - protons in nucleus

3. Strong Nuclear Force

   • Holds nucleus together
     • By overcoming the electrostatic force of repulsion
   • Repulsive under 0.5 fm to ensure that they don't become one or be crushed
   • Attractive between 0.5 to 3 fm
   • Over maximum value (3 fm) falls rapidly to zero
   • Size of force is same whether its 2 protons, 2 neutrons or a mix. (acts between all nucleons regardless of charge)

4. Beta Decay

   • Emission of fast moving electron
   • Neutron changes to proton
   • Antineutrino emitted to conserve lepton number
   • Neutron rich nuclei

5. Alpha Decay

   • Only in big nuclei
   • Short range
   • Highly ionising
   • Nuclei too big for SNF to keep stable

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