waves

waves

1. transverse waves

   • these are waves that occilate perpendicular to their direction of travel
   • the tips are called crests and the dips are called troughs
   • examples of this is all the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum
   • another example of this is the waves in the oceans and other large bodies of water

2. longdittuadonal waves

   • these waves occilate onle the direction of travel along its length
   • these waves need particles to travel
   • this causes the particles to bunch up whick is called compresions and spread out causing rarefactions
   • examples of this is a spring and sound waves

3. describing waves

   • the resting point or equilibrium position is directly between the maximum and minium of the wave.
   • the distance between this point and the crest or trough of the wave is called the amplitude
   • the distance between the crests and crest and the troughs and troughs is called the wavelength
   • the scorces vibrates called the frequency (amount of occilations in a certain amount of time) frequency is normally measure in Hz or occilations per secound
   • if a wive completes 5 oscillations per second then it has a frequency of 5 Hz

4. the wave equation

5. the ripple tank experement

   • the power suple can be ajusted to create a higher or lower frequancy
   • the new frequecny can easily by measure on the viewing screen or table below

6. reflection

   • all types of waves can be reflected
   • if they hit a flat barrier head on then they will bounce bakc to the direction in which they camel
   • the rule is that is the angle of incidence must equal the angle of reflection
   • these are measure againstlthe normal which is the line perpendiulca to the surface where the wave hit
   • when the surface is concave or convex it alter the angle at which the light will be reflected
   • in concave mirros the light will be focused onto a single point
   • on concave surafces the light is scattered when leaving the surface

7. refraction

   • this is calused when light goes from on medium to another and when the two mediums have different optical densities
   • when the light enter a more opticaly dense medium then the wave bends towards the normal
   • when the wave enters a less opticaly dense medium then
   • this is because when the light goes thought he denser mediums it slows down causing it to bend towards the normal
   • different wavelengths of light refract at different levels this is what causes a rainbow

8. the doppler effect

   • this is caused when a scores of waves or any sort is moing
   • a good example of this is ambulences when they pass you
   • when the object is moving towards you the waves are compressed increasing the frequency in sound causing it to change pitch and in light red-shifting
   • when the source is moving away from you the opposite happens the frequency decreases and sound lowers in pitch and light blue-shifts

9. electro-magnetic waves

   • gamma
     • these waves have the highest frequency and are slightly ionizing
     • they normally come form radioactive material
     • used in sterilising and radiotherapy
   • X-rays
     • these are high frequency waves
     • nomaly come from x-ray tubes
     • used mainly in x-rays to observe inner parts of human body that x-ray are unable to penetrate
   • UV
     • these are medium frequency waves
     • common sources of these are UV lamps and the Sun
     • used in flouresecent tubes and UV tanning lamps
   • visible light
     • these are medium frequency waves
     • these are the only waves ovservable by the human eye
     • this covers the entire colour spectrum from red to violet
     • these are given off by any luminous object
     • their main uses are communication though optical fibres and photography as well as seeing
   • infrared
     • these are medium frequecy waves
     • anything with any thermal energy
     • used for heating cooking, night vision and TV remotes
   • microwaves
     • these are low frequency waves
     • microwaves transmitters and ovens
     • phones, satellites, cooking
   • Radiowaves
     • these are the lowest frequency waves
     • these are from radios and TV
     • radios and TVs

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