Intelligence Part 2

Intelligence Part 2

1. Charles Spearman (g for general intelligence)

   • correlaiton of IQ tests
     • Invented "factor analysis"
       • correlations between lots of things rather than just pairs
     • Found high correlation between scores on different IQ tests
       • Other reasons for high correlation between tests
         • doing well
           • self confidence
           • competitiveness
           • show offiness
         • doing badly
           • threatened by tests
           • tests irrelevant
           • culture = don't put yourself forward
   • Two Factor model of IQ
     • argued common properties = g 'General Intelligence'
       • used to support hereditarian view
         • Reification of IQ as a biological entity
     • non-common aspects of each test = s 'specific information'

2. Can IQ be increased

   • The "no" rumour
     • hereditarians have argued loudly that environmental influences dont change IQ, schooling does'nt change IQ attempts to raise IQ failed and attempts to raise IQ temporary
       • Wrong - remember Daryl Atkins
   • Howe 1997,1998 discredits all these claims
     • demonstrates IQ has been increased
       • adoption studies
       • intervention studies
       • more schooling
       • generational changes
       • motivational influences
       • training on IQ tests
   • Adoption studies
     • deprived kids into middle-class homes
     • Average IQ gains can be 20 points above biological parents and siblings
       • Schiff, Duyme, Dumaret and Tompkiewics (1989)
       • Capron and Duyme (1989)
   • Intervention studies
     • project head start (1960s)
       • varied length and organisation
     • many impressive increases in IQ
       • Zigler and Muenchow (1992) 10 IQ points in one summer
       • Ramey, Yeates and Short (1984) lasting improvements
   • more schooling
     • more school = higher IQ
       • Harnquist (1968)
         • equivalent IQ & socioeconomic status at 13
         • 1.8 IQ points less per year of high school not completed
   • Generational changes
     • The Flynn effect
     • IQ tests 'restanderdised' over the years
     • Flynn (1999) looked at real 'improvements in IQ' between generations
   • motivational influences
     • can affect IQ scores
       • Johnson, Bradley-Johnson, McCarthy & Jamie (1984)
         • Gave black inner-city kids tokens-for-toys for each correct test answer
         • raised IQ scores by 13 points
       • Sinnott, Hilton, Wood, Spanos and Toel (2016)
         • tested undergraduates
         • found significant positive correlations
           • motivation and overall IQ
           • motivation and verbal IQ
           • Motivation and performance IQ

3. Some additional IQ challenges

   • stereotype threat
     • steele et al
       • groups being judged and treated stereotypically
       • this affects their performance
         • belong to stereotyped group, worry that they will be judged stereotypically, treated stereotypically, confirm the stereotype which leads to performance inheritence