Contrastive Linguistics IV

Contrastive Linguistics IV

1. Phonology vs. Orthography

   • Phonology
     • study of sounds
       • It's learned first
   • Orthography
     • study of writing standards
       • It's learned later

2. Review of Phonetics

   • Classes of Sounds
     • -Vowels -Glides -Consonants
   • Voicing
     • vibration that we produce with vocal cords.
       • Voiced
         • Vocal cords vibrate
           • Vowels are ALWAYS VOICED
       • Voiceless
         • Vocal cords don't vibrate
   • Place & manner of articulation
     • Place
       • where the constriction occurs
         • -Labial [p] -Coronal [t] -Palatal [j] -Velar [k] -Labiovelar[w] -Uvular [-] -Glottal [h]
     • Manner
       • degree of constriction
         • -Stops (plosives) -Fricatives (spirants) -Affricate (ch) -Nasals [n] [m] -Laterals [l]

3. Differences Between American & British English

   • Pronunciation
     • stress and intonation
   • Vocabulary
     • names of specific items or in phrasal verb
       • fall = autumn
   • Spelling
     • Prefix & Suffix forms

4. Why Study Phonetics?

   • Phonetics studies properties of speech sounds
     • Phonetic Transcription Guidelines
       • 1.Words in slanted brackets
         • 2.Single brackets to comma
           • 3.Double slanted brackets to full stop
             • 4.[] for narrow transcriptions
       • 5.//….// to enclose the sentence
         • 6.Writing rules aren’t used
           • 7.Don’t use double letters
             • 8.Stick the words together
               • 9.(´) isn’t a sound
     • Vowel Pronunciation
       • Can be described using
         • 1. Tongue height 2. Characteristics of vowels 3. Tenseness-laxness 4. Lips

5. Unshared Consonants

   • Present in English but not in Spanish or vice versa
     • In English
       • /v ð z Ʒ ʃ dƷ h ŋ/
         • occur phonetically in Spanish as allophones
     • In Spanish
       • ñ =/ɲ/ & j = /x/

6. Comparing System

   • Compare consonants and vowels of Spanish and English systems
     • Similarities
       • -voiceless & voiced distinction in their stops -distinguish 2 glides and 3 nasals sounds /j/ /w/ -direct overlap /f m l s n g tf/
     • Differences
       • - Articulatory -Distributional -Phonological Rules

7. Phonemes, Allophones & Rules

   • Phonemes
     • smallest unit of sound
       • Representation F =/f/
   • Allophones
     • Variants of the speakers
   • Minimal Pairs
     • words whose distinction depends on the phonetic differents
       • rack vs. lack __ pat vs. bat

8. Homographs

   • same spelling but may or may not be pronounced the same way
     • Example desert
       • a hot, arid region
       • to leave

9. Homophones

   • same pronunciation but different meaning
     • ate (verb) eight (noun)

10. Homonyms

    • Words that sound like other words but spelling and meaning are different
      • add.- increase
      • ad.- abbreviation for advertisement

11. Silent Letters

    • they make a HUGE difference to the meaning of words
      • Cases
        • Silent B
          • clim(b) dou(b)t
        • Silent C
          • as(c)ent mus(c)le
        • Silent G
          • beni(g)n si(g)n
        • Silent H
          • c(h)aos tec(h)
        • Silent K
          • (k)now
        • Silent D
          • we(d)nesday han(d)some
        • Silent L
          • ba(l)m wou(l)d
        • Silent P
          • (p)sychic recei(p)t
        • Silent T
          • apos(t)le lis(t)en
        • Silent U
          • b(u)ild g(u)ilty
        • Silent W
          • ans(w)er (w)rinkle

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