CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 4

1. PRESUPPOSITION

   • STH THE SPEAKER ASSUMES TO BE THE CASE PRIOR TO MAKING AN UTTERANCE
     • SPEAKERS, NOT SENTENCES, HAVE PRESUPPOSITIONS
   • TREATED AS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO PROPOSITIONS
   • ONE PROPERTY IS CONSTANCY UNDER NEGATION
     • THE PRESUPPOSITION OF A STATEMENT WILL REMAIN CONSTANT EVEN WHEN THAT STATEMENT IS NEGATED
   • TYPES
     • POTENTIAL
       • PRESUPPOSITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH USE OF WORD PHRASES AND STRUCTURES
     • EXISTENTIAL
       • NOT ONLY ASSUMED TO BE PRESENT IN POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS, BUT MORE GENERALLY IN ANY DEFINITE NOUN PHRASE
     • FACTIVE
       • THE PRESUPPOSED INFO FOLLOWING A VERB LIKE KNOW CAN BE TREATED AS A FACT
     • LEXICAL
       • THE USE OF ONE FORM WITH ITS ASSERTED MEANING IS CONVENTIONALLY INTERPRETED WITH THE PRESUPPOSITION THAT ANOTHER MEANING IS UNDERSTOOD
     • STRUCTURAL
       • CERTAIN SENTENCE STRUCTURES HAVE BEEN ANALYZED AS CONVENTIONALLY AND REGULARLY PRESUPPOSING THAT PART OF THE STRUCTURE IS ALREADY ASSUMED TO BE TRUE
     • NON-FACTIVE
       • IT IS ONE THAT IS ASSUMED NOT TO BE TRUE
     • COUNTER-FACTUAL
       • WHAT IS PRESUPPOSED IS NOT ONLY NOT TRUE, BUT IS THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT IS TRUE, OR CONTRARY TO FACTS

2. ENTAILMENT

   • STH THAT LOGICALLY FOLLOWS FROM WHAT IS ASSERTED IN THE UTTERANCE
     • SENTENCES, NOT SPEAKERS, HAVE ENTAILMENTS
   • TYPES
     • BACKGROUND
       • LOGICAL CONCEPT OF ENTAILMENT
     • FOREGROUND
       • THE SPEAKER CAN COMMUNICATE, USUALLY BY MEANS OF STRESS, INTERPRETING INTENDED MEANING THAN ANY OTHERS

3. THE PRESUPPOSITION OF SIMPLE SENTENCE WILL CONTINUE TO BE TRUE WHEN IT BECOMES PART OF A MORE COMPLEX SENTENCE

   • BUT THE MEANING OF SOME PRESUPPOSITIONS DOESN´T SURVIVE TO BECOME THE MEANING OF SOME COMPLEX SENTENCES, KNOWN AS PROJECTION PROBLEM