L & M

L & M

1. Brain organization

   • spinal cord
   • Brain stem
     • cranial nerve
     • medulla
     • metencephalon
     • diencephalon
   • telencephalon
     • Basal Ganglia
       • Amygdala
         • Emotion/ esp fear
           • conditioned freezing
       • egocentric
         • caudate
         • putamen
         • globus pallidus
         • procedural memory
           • circle walking
           • cincy water maze
       • hippocampus
         • allocentric
           • spatial/declarative
         • Place cells
     • Cerebral cortex
       • PFC
         • RAM
         • WCST
         • working memory

2. Learning types

   • classical conditioning
     • Pavlov
     • US
       • UR
         • not many exist
     • CS
     • neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex
       • shock avoidance
         • activity
         • Inhibitory
         • passive avoidance hard to measure
           • SOMETHING EASIER TO MEASURE THAN NOTHING
     • Stimulus- outcome
   • Operant (instrumental)
     • Skinner
     • reward
       • Positive
         • consequence increase probability behavior repeated
         • food restriction = bad apparently
           • stressful
           • differentially affects different animals
       • Negative
         • Consequence increase probability behavior repeated to avoid/escape consequence
         • Water maze
     • more common in lab
     • Action- outcome
     • Punishment
       • consequence decrease probability repeat behaviors
     • too many possible outcomes
       • hits
       • miss
         • no response
       • false positive
         • response w/o signal
       • correct rejection
         • no response to unreinforced signal

3. Memory types

   • Sensory memory
     • <1 sec
     • interesting, not studied much
   • Short term/ working memory
     • <1 min
     • 7+/-2
   • Long-term memory
     • life-time
       • explicit
         • declarative
           • episodic memory
             • sequential/order
           • semantic memory
             • facts/concepts
   • encoding, consolidation, retrieval/reconsol, forget
   • forgetting is active
     • synaptotagmin-3
       • endocytosis AMPA
         • forgetting
       • KO
         • Can't forget

4. Assessments of L & M

   • Appetative
     • radial arm maze
       • working memory
         • Error: revisit arm
         • trial-dependent
           • avoid chaining (center zone delay)
         • all arms bated
         • delay interval can be varied
       • reference memory (and spatial working)
         • error: visit never-baited arm
         • trial independent
         • swimming versions available
     • Pro
       • positive reinforcement
       • adaptable
       • sensitive & variable
       • attention, impulsivity, discrimination, etc.
     • con
       • stressful
       • non-performers
         • selection bias
       • training required
         • sometimes months
       • protracted rate of learning
       • high inter-individual variability
   • Water
     • MWM
       • START DIFF PLACE EVERY TRIAL
         • Know going of CUES not ROUTE
       • not "stressful" because they can escape
         • Locus of control
           • Unlike FST
       • spatial impaired
         • (but not cued) hippocampal lesions
         • LTP
         • NMDA antagonists
     • CWM
     • Pro
       • MWM: no training (rats); some (mice)
         • CWM/Biel/Stone: minimal training
       • immune to appetite difference/ body mass difference
       • intrinsic motivation
       • moderate rate of learning
         • hard enough to see a difference
           • moderate inter-individual differences
         • easy enough that everyone can learn it
           • a;most 100% complete
           • >95% become proficient
     • Cons
       • negative reinforcement
         • rodents are natural swimmers tho
       • swimming maybe stress?
         • still get good learning curves indicating not TOO stressed
           • can't learn under stress
       • not for discrimination
       • can't assess impulsivity
       • can't assess attention
   • human
     • WCST
     • virtual reality mazes
       • increased activity in fMRI as in rodents
     • circle walking
       • parkinsons
       • cerebellar ataxia
       • eyes closed
   • Barnes maze
     • sucks I guess
     • get around the water stress
       • bright light
         • aversive
       • box is escape
         • really need to like the box apparently
   • NOR
     • standard method
       • 2 same
         • then one different
           • really shoot for 70:30
     • newer
       • 4 same
         • then one different
           • 20;20:20:40
             • nice cause can't avoid object
     • not reinforced
   • conditioned freezing
   • active avoidance
     • dark/light
       • 1-way
       • y-maze
     • shock
       • TEST PAIN THRESHOLDS
     • non-responder
       • selection bias
   • ALWAYS CONSIDER
     • senstivity
     • validity vs. efficiency
     • low false positive
     • low false negative
     • tests are apical
       • subordinate behaviors confound interpretation
     • steep/shallow learning curves are problematic
     • convergent measures

5. LTP/LTD

   • LTP
     • tetanus
       • increase Glu release
         • Ca2+
           • increase AMPA
             • GluA2 activate silent NMDA$
             • w/ GluA2 subunit
     • spatial learning
     • ACh, DA, 5-HT
       • Steering, more fine modulations
   • LTD
     • Weak tetanus
       • Increase Glu release
         • small Ca2+
           • remove GluA2
             • decrease NMDAR
     • forgetting
   • Hipp
   • Glu/GABA
     • Break and accelerator

6. Place cells

   • everytime you move, they remap
     • based on grid cells, fairly constant
       • entorhinal cortex