Correspondence between the nucleic acid and the polypeptide sequence.
The group of bases a codon is necessary to specify a specific amino acid.
Reading frames are the part where it is coded to the glycoproteins.
Properties
Nota:
Genetic code is degenerate and non-random.
It is read using the code table, it is non-random and the changes in the 3rd codon position signify the changes.
tRNA
Nota:
Adaptor molecules
Similar structure of 54- 100 nucleotides or around 74
Normally arranged in a cloverleaf strucutre. It has numerous post-transcriptionally modified bases.
Aminoacylation
Nota:
Recognition step:
Correct amino acid must be selected by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
THe aa-trna is paired with a mRNA codon at ribosome.
The 1st step where the amino acid binds to tRNA requires one ATP to convert to AMP that is an activation step
Aminoacyl-tRNA recogniser unique structural factors of tRNA and fidelity of the aminoacylation is enhanced by proof-reading.
Bacterial Ribosome
Functions
Nota:
Sites of protein synthesis
Binds mRNA that codons can be read with High Fidelity.
Specific binding sites for tRNA molecules.
Mediates interaction of non-ribosomal protein factors that promote polypeptide chain initiation elongation and termination.
Catalyses peptide bond formation.
Structure
Nota:
Complexes of RNA and Proteins
Comprises of a small subunit and a large subunit.
aa-tRNA binds to A site
peptiyldl-tRNA binds to P
Deacylated tRNA binds to the E-site
Subunits:
30s Subunit with 16s rRNA and 21 different different proteins
50s Subunit with 5s and 23s rRNA and 31 different proteins.
Eukaryotic Ribosome
Nota:
Forms in the nucleolus to be transported to the nucleus.
Transcription and translation happens at the same time.
Structure
Nota:
2 subunits:
Small 40s Subunit consisting of 18S rRNA with 33 different proteins
Large 60 S subunit consisting of 5S, 8 S and 28S rRNA with 49 different proteins.
Overview
Nota:
Polypeptide synthesis proceeds from N to C-terminus
Chain elongation by linking the growing polypeptide to the incoming tRNA's amino acid
Generate/Read mRNA in 5' to 3' direction
Active translation only occur on polysomes.
Polysomes
Peptide Bond Formation
Nota:
A-sides moves on P site, then it then goes to E site to exit.
Initiaition
Nota:
AUG codes for start. But the pyrimidine-rich 3' end of 16s rRNA and purine sequence near the start codon. Shine-Delgarno Sequence to initiate translation HOWEVER not found in eukaryotes.
THe tRNA that initiates FMet-tRNA.
the 70S ribosome is opened up by IF-3, fMet-tRNA is bound ot the 30S initiation complex
50S then comes in and displace those things and cut it off.
Elongation
Nota:
3 steps, decoding which uses one GTP, Transpeptidation, and translocation which uses another GTP
Termination
Nota:
Different stop codons hence there are different release factors.
Empty A-sites was bound by RF-1 and GTP.
GTP is bound with RF-3 and it is dephosphorylated to release 30S.
Post translational Processing
Nota:
How to fold properly and cellular destination.
Chaperones assist with folding process and the post translational processing that includes proteolysis, covalent modification and the translatcation thru membrane and glycosylation.