Topic 22: Countries and migration

Topic 22: Countries and migration

1. Countries of origin, transit and destination

   • In migration, there is an important classification of countries: countries of Origin, are the places where it was born and places where migration begins, transit countries, are the intermediate places on the road between the country of origin and the country of destination, that is, where they temporarily focus to follow their migration. Destination Countries are places that where people want to emigrate There is also the country of return, in certain circumstances a considerable number of migrants return to their country of origin.
     • Countries of origin present intense departure of people. It is known that 48 countries with a 1,5 million population show an average of 18,4% of emigrants. Most of these countries of origin are less developed countries. On the other hand, destination countries display more development than the origin countries. The most frequent migration roads are within regions.

2. The case of Ecuador

   • In 2007, Ecuador became a country of origin, a country of transit, as a destination country. Because of the fact that different countries have had, lack of employment and armed conflicts
     • In 2017, about 1 608 000 foreigners entered Ecuador, making Ecuador more successful, in economic and tourism partners. Ecuador has also been a country of origin since 1999 with the departure of more than 950 000 people having as destinations Spain and Italy, and its main reason was the economic crisis of that time. Approximately 400,000 people from other countries

3. Migration policies

   • The States have two areas of responsibilities: first, on the fulfillment of the rights of the people who live in the country, which also extends to the international sphere; the second has to do with state security
     • On the migration issue, States have many difficulties in complying with the rights of people who are in a situation of mobility. In this globalized era, the criterion of selectivity prevails. Governments, especially in developed countries, set requirements that facilitate entry for some people and severely restrict others. They are discriminatory policies.

4. Human rights and migration

   • Human rights are principles and norms that seek to respect the dignity of people and protect them from abuses of power. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is law for all countries, there are several articles related to mobility. It is established that everyone has the rights, without any distinction, such as national origin or place of birth (art. 2), to move freely and to choose their residence in the territory of a State (art. 13); to asylum (art. 14); to have nationality and change it (art. 15); to an international order where rights are effectively fulfilled (art. 28)
     • This is why migration is a human right; it is up to the person to do it or not. It covers the right to leave or stay in a place, region or country.

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